The Dragon Gate Stone Inscription prescriptions are the earliest surviving stone inscriptions of medical formulas in China, covering various departments such as internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics and ophthalmology. By reviewing 28 moxibustion prescriptions recorded in the Dragon Gate Stone Inscriptions, the following application characteristics are summarized: moxibustion mainly treats acute diseases such as mania, deficiency-cold syndrome, and jaundice; in terms of point selection, specific points such as the thirteen ghost points, eight influential points, and front-mu points are used, emphasizing the extraordinary meridians such as governor vessel and conception vessel, as well as specific single acupoints with unique therapeutic effects; in clinical application, it follows the principle of treating according to syndrome differentiation, uses multiple acupoints simultaneously, employs food-medicine homology, and adjusts the moxibustion dosage according to individual conditions. The Dragon Gate Stone Inscription prescriptions reflect that the application of moxibustion therapy during the Northern Wei to Tang Dynasty period had already reached a relatively mature level, indicating a high level of proficiency in moxibustion techniques during that time.
龙门石刻药方是我国目前现存最早的石刻药方，其所治病证涉及内、外、妇、儿、五官等科，通过梳理龙门石刻药方所载的28首灸方，总结具有以下应用特点：癫狂病证、虚寒病证以及黄疸等急性病证是其主治病证；选穴方面，针灸并用十三鬼穴、八会穴、募穴等特定穴位，重视督脉、任脉等奇经以及具有独特主治作用的单穴；临床应用遵循辨证施治原则，多穴并用、使用药食同源之品、灸量上因人制宜施灸。龙门石刻药方反映了北魏至唐这一时期对灸法的应用已经相对成熟，灸法已经有了较高的应用水平。.

Ganzheng Jingyi Yuebian(Essence Compendium of Cold Symptoms) is collected in the Library of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,which is not included in the Zhongguo Zhongyi Guji Zongmu (Catalogue of Ancient Chinese Medicine Books). After comparing with the current Xitang Ganzheng Volume of Yizong jirenbian, it is found that Ganzheng Jingyi Yuebian inherits the academic thought of Xitang Ganzheng with special emphasis on Yangming, taking care of the stomach and the jin, and comprehensively referring to the pulse, symptoms and tongue images. In the clinical treatment of diseases, Ganzheng Jingyi Yuebian comprehensively considered constitution and followed the law of time. it has also carried out rich expansion in attaching importance to the application of meridian transmission and emphasizing the leading ideology of healthy qi.In terms of the style and content of the compilation, on the basis of simplifying some of the text discussions and supplementary notes in Xitang Ganzheng,Ganzheng Jingyi Yuebian added the classification, as well as 15 diseases, 14 statements, memos, experience, Feng Shinong\'s verification and reflection, etc, so as to make its category clearer and content more detailed.
《感症精义约编》是安徽中医药大学图书馆馆藏书，未载于《中国中医古籍总目》。经与现行的《医宗己任编·西塘感症》比较研究发现，《感症精义约编》继承了《西塘感症》尤重阳明中土、顾护胃中津液、详脉症参舌象的学术思想，临证结合体质强弱、遵循因时制宜，又在重视传经理论应用、强调正气主导思想方面进行了丰富拓展。在编写体例和内容上，《感症精义约编》在精简《西塘感症》中部分正文论述和补注的基础上，增加了感症类病、遗病等分类及15种病证、14个论述、备忘、心法、冯师农的验证反思等内容，使类目更加清晰，内容更加翔实。.

The concept of reference sample was put forward in the Guidance on CMC of Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound Preparations Developed from Catalogued Ancient Classical Prescriptions(Interim). The research on reference sample is a key link in the research and development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) compound prescriptions from catalogued ancient classical prescriptions(known as Category 3.1 TCM). This paper discusses the content of research on reference sample by analyzing the characteristics of Category 3.1 TCM and the purpose of research on reference sample. Furthermore, suggestions on the research of reference sample are proposed according to the development and evaluation practice of Category 3.1 TCM and research achievements of TCM regulatory science, aiming to provide reference for colleagues in this industry.

Xuezheng Quanji(«») written by Sun Guangyu, a doctor in the Ming Dynasty, is the first known book on blood disorders in China. The book mainly deals with bleeding. The book begins with a collection of the Neijing and the treatises of the sages, focusing on systematically summarizing the theories and experiences of the past dynasties in the treatment of bleeding, interspersed with Sun\'s own opinions.The main part discusses four types of bleeding, summarizing Sun\'s profound experience in clinical practice, and many of his personal creative opinions.In terms of causes,Sun believed that there are three causes of bleeding and more due to heat. In terms of treatment,he opposed the abuse of bitter cold and attached great importance to nourishing yin and strengthening kidney and proposed four treatment methods of dispelling stasis, nourishing Yin and suppressing Yang, regulating Qi and blood, and tonifying deficiency. He advocated that bleeding should not be treated quickly, and emphasized that the disease should be judged according to the bleeding location and bleeding color to use herbs flexibly.Special attention should be paid to daily life care during and after illness as well.
《血症全集》由明代医家孙光裕所著，是中国现知第一部血症专书。从书中内容看，其专论出血症。全书先收集《内经》及先贤论说，重心在于系统归纳历代治疗出血症的理论与经验，其间穿插孙氏本人见解。主体部分主要论述4种出血症，总结了孙氏本人临床实践中的深刻体会，多有个人创见。在病因方面，孙氏主张“血分三因”而多因火热，在治疗方面反对滥用苦寒而重视滋阴壮水，提出了逐瘀散滞、滋阴抑阳、理气导血、调中补虚4个治疗大法，主张出血不求速治，强调根据出血何处、出血色质，判断脏腑经络所病，灵活用药，并且重视病时及病后的生活起居调养。.

Humans processed gypsum for their everyday use at least 7000 years ago. They have been using fixed limb methods for fracture treatment for nearly 5000 years. Hippocrates recognized the importance of the splint and the \"roller bandage\" for fracture treatment, and made the bandage hard by adding wax, pitch, lard or resin to the multi-layer cloth bandage, but not gypsum. Arabian physician El Zahrawi (936 -1013) also described a clay glue mixture, and flour and egg white as fracture fixation materials. From 970, Persian physician Muwafak used gypsum as the exclusive material for fracture fixation. The rudimentary form of modern plaster bandages was developed in the mid-19th century and spread widely after that, using methods from the Russian Pyrogov by soaking canvas in a gypsum slurry and Dutchman Massson wrapped gypsum powder in cotton cloth strips.
人类加工和使用石膏并用于建筑和生活用具中至少有7 000年的历史。而将石膏用于骨折固定，首次文献记载是在公元970年，波斯医师穆瓦法克用石膏浆浇注的方法固定小腿骨折。虽然从希波克拉底时代开始，在欧洲大陆、埃及、中国等地区，先后有在绷带上添加蜡、沥青、油脂或树脂，以及粘土胶混合物、面粉和蛋清等物质使绷带变硬的方法，但均不能像石膏那样快速硬化。直到19世纪中期，分别由俄国的皮罗戈夫用帆布浸泡在石膏浆中的方法，以及荷兰的马西森用布条包夹石膏粉的方法，才形成了现代石膏绷带的雏形，并迅速在全世界推广。.

The theory of Huatuo Jiaji (EX-B 2) is the representative of the knowledge construction of ancient anatomy, reflecting the academic thought of Huatuo\'s school. Through deeply analyzing the classic theory of acupuncture and its cultural and historical materials, it is believed that the five-body constituents are the structural basis of Huatuo Jiaji (EX-B 2), qi and blood are the material one, while biaoben (the sites where meridian qi gathers and diffuses) and qijie (the common pathways through which meridian qi gathers) indicate its functions. Huatuo Jiaji (EX-B 2) reveals the rules of the transverse distribution of meridian points and the relevant indications, providing the theoretic foundation for acupuncture treatment. It highlights the importance of the anatomical knowledge in acupuncture effect and proposes a new idea for establishing an effective classification system of meridian points.
华佗夹脊穴作为以古代解剖知识建立起来的代表性理论，反映了华佗一派的学术思想。通过对针灸经典理论和文史资料的挖掘，认为五体是华佗夹脊穴的结构基础，血气是其物质基础，标本、气街是其功能体现；华佗夹脊穴揭示了经穴横向分布与主治相关的规律，为针灸治疗提供了理论依据；强调熟悉解剖知识对针灸疗效的重要性，提出了建立有效的经穴分类体系的新思路。.

Based on Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor\'s Internal Classic), combined with the Huangdi Mingtang Jing JiJiao (Compilation and Correction of Yellow Emperor\'s Mingtang Classic) and unearthed Tianhui Yijian (Tianhui Medical Bamboo Slips), it is recognized that the therapeutic indications of Fenglong (ST 40) were recorded repeatedly in many medical works of the Qin and Han dynasties; and the treatments mostly focus on \"upward reversion of qi \". In Huangdi Mingtang Jing (Yellow Emperor\'s Mingtang Classic), a part of symptoms were re-described textually, which affects the understanding on the indications of Fenglong (ST 40) in the medical works of the later generations. On the basis of the construction of phlegm theory in the Sui and Tang dynasties, the scholars of Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties had placed the emphasis on the relationship between phlegm and qi movement. In acupuncture works by Dou Hanqing, Fenglong (ST 40) was selected in treatment of phlegm dampness and phlegm-induced asthma, which is also based on the pathogenesis, \"upward reversion of qi \", rather than \"phlegm\" itself. This view can be understood by the proof of \"reducing Zusanli (ST 36) for eliminating wind\". The relationship between Fenglong (ST 40) and phlegm was emphasized in Yulong Ge (Jade Dragon Verse) and Zhenfang Liuji (Six Sets of Acupuncture Methods), after which, the understanding, \" Fenglong (ST 40), the key point for phlegm disorders\", had been formed gradually since the Ming dynasty. The formation and evolution of the therapeutic indications of Fenglong (ST 40) are influenced comprehensively by the errors in textual duplication, cultural background, changes in the term expressions of disorders, and the clinical experience of medical practitioners.
基于传世文献《黄帝内经》，结合《黄帝明堂经辑校》以及出土文献《天回医简》，认为秦汉时期诸医籍中丰隆穴主治病症多有重合，且所针对病机多为“气逆”，《黄帝明堂经》对部分症状的文字表述改写后，影响了后世医籍对丰隆穴主治的认识。在隋唐时期痰病理论构建的基础上，宋金元医家重视痰与气机之间的关系，窦汉卿针灸著述中治疗“痰饮”“痰喘”选取丰隆穴，也是针对“气逆”这一病机，并非针对“痰”之本身，且可结合“三里泻之，以去风”佐证。经《玉龙歌》《针方六集》强调丰隆穴与“痰”之间的关系后，自明代以来逐渐形成丰隆为“治痰要穴”这一认识。丰隆穴主治病症的形成与演变受文本传抄讹误、文化背景影响、病症名称表述形式转变以及医家自身临床经验等因素的综合作用。.

Genetic and fragmented palaeoanthropological data suggest that Denisovans were once widely distributed across eastern Eurasia1-3. Despite limited archaeological evidence, this indicates that Denisovans were capable of adapting to a highly diverse range of environments. Here we integrate zooarchaeological and proteomic analyses of the late Middle to Late Pleistocene faunal assemblage from Baishiya Karst Cave on the Tibetan Plateau, where a Denisovan mandible and Denisovan sedimentary mitochondrial DNA were found3,4. Using zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry, we identify a new hominin rib specimen that dates to approximately 48-32 thousand years ago (layer 3). Shotgun proteomic analysis taxonomically assigns this specimen to the Denisovan lineage, extending their presence at Baishiya Karst Cave well into the Late Pleistocene. Throughout the stratigraphic sequence, the faunal assemblage is dominated by Caprinae, together with megaherbivores, carnivores, small mammals and birds. The high proportion of anthropogenic modifications on the bone surfaces suggests that Denisovans were the primary agent of faunal accumulation. The chaîne opératoire of carcass processing indicates that animal taxa were exploited for their meat, marrow and hides, while bone was also used as raw material for the production of tools. Our results shed light on the behaviour of Denisovans and their adaptations to the diverse and fluctuating environments of the late Middle and Late Pleistocene of eastern Eurasia.

Eyed needles are among the most iconic of Paleolithic artifacts, traditionally seen as rare indicators of prehistoric clothing, particularly tailoring. However, recent finds across Africa and Eurasia show that other technologies like bone awls also facilitated the creation of fitted garments. Nonetheless, the advent of delicate eyed needles suggests a demand for more refined, efficient sewing. This refinement may signify two major developments: the emergence of underwear in layered garment assemblages, and/or a transition in adornment from body modification to decorating clothes, as humans covered themselves more completely for thermal protection. Archaeological evidence for underwear is limited, but the Upper Paleolithic saw an increase in personal ornaments, some sewn onto clothing. Eyed needles may mark a pivotal shift as clothes acquired the social functions of dress, decoupling clothing from climate and ensuring its enduring presence.

This study analyzed ancient DNA from the remains of horses unearthed from the Shihuyao tombs. These were found to date from the Han and Tang Dynasties in Xinjiang (approximately 2200 to 1100 years ago). Two high-quality mitochondrial genomes were acquired and analyzed using next-generation sequencing. The genomes were split into two maternal haplogroups, B and D, according to a study that included ancient and contemporary samples from Eurasia. A close genetic affinity was observed between the horse of the Tang Dynasty and Akhal-Teke horses according to the primitive horse haplotype G1. Historical evidence suggests that the ancient Silk Road had a vital role in their dissemination. Additionally, the matrilineal history of the Akhal-Teke horse was accessed and suggested that the early domestication of the breed was for military purposes.