OBJECTIVE: To review long-term outcomes of circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (CCH).
METHODS: Hospital charts of all CCH cases diagnosed from 2008 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed.
RESULTS: All 172 patients were managed with either observation, transpupillary thermotherapy, argon laser photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy, plaque brachytherapy or stereotactic radiosurgery. The most common 3 modes of management were clinical observation (30.2%), transpupillary thermotherapy (52.9%) and argon laser photocoagulation (8.7%). Median follow-up time was 10 months (range: 3, 160). Anatomical outcomes were stable in 87.1% of observation group and improved in 60.5% of thermotherapy group. Quantified optical coherence tomography angiography findings showed statistical differences in vascular and perfusion densities in fellow eyes of hemangioma patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma can be treated in various ways. Transpupillary thermotherapy is an anatomically effective treatment in selected cases. The diagnosis of CCH may have vascular implications in fellow eyes of the patients.

Objective: To investigate the clinical features of acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: This retrospective case series study included 15 patients (28 eyes) diagnosed with AMN at the Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, from November 2022 to January 2023. The AMN group comprised 4 males and 11 females, with a mean age of (31.36±8.08) years. A control group of 15 individuals [5 males, 10 females; mean age (33.20±5.10) years] who had COVID-19 but did not develop AMN was also included. Data collected for all patients included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp examination, dilated fundus examination, color fundus photography, fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) results. Serum cytokine levels, including interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were measured for both groups. Results: Among the 28 eyes, severe vision loss (BCVA≤0.3) was observed in 3 eyes (10.7%), moderate vision loss (BCVA>0.3 and≤0.5) in 2 eyes (13.3%), and mild vision loss (BCVA>0.5 and≤1.0) in 23 eyes (82.1%). OCT findings in all 28 eyes revealed hyperreflectivity of the outer nuclear layer and disruption of outer retinal structure. Additionally, 3 eyes (10.7%) exhibited cotton wool spots in the posterior pole, 2 eyes (7.1%) showed mild cystoid macular edema with intraretinal hyperreflective dots, and 1 eye (3.6%) presented with paracentral acute middle maculopathy. FFA indicated retinal vasculitis in 2 cases (4 eyes, 14.3%). Serum levels of IL-4, IL-5, IFN-α, and IFN-γ were significantly higher in the AMN group compared to the control group: IL-4 [4.49 (3.66, 6.08) vs. 1.40 (0.62, 1.68) pg/ml], IL-5 [7.34 (5.04, 14.06) vs. 0.17 (0.11, 1.86) pg/ml], IFN-α [8.42 (6.31, 14.89) vs. 0.50 (0.30, 0.83) pg/ml], and IFN-γ [17.93 (12.75, 32.44) vs. 7.43 (0.00, 14.74) pg/ml], with all differences being statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusion: AMN following COVID-19 can present with wedge-shaped dark red lesions in the macular area, often accompanied by cotton wool spots and retinal vasculitis. Additionally, there is a significant elevation in various inflammatory cytokines in the serum.
目的： 探讨新型冠状病毒感染后的急性神经视网膜病变（AMN）的临床特征。 方法： 回顾性病例系列研究。收集2022年11月至2023年1月在北京大学第三医院眼科诊断为AMN的15例（28只眼）新型冠状病毒感染者资料作为AMN组，其中男性4例，女性患者11例，年龄为（31.36±8.08）岁。同期选择新型冠状病毒感染后未发生AMN者15名作为对照组，其中男性5例，女性10例，年龄为（33.20±5.10）岁。收集所有患者的最佳矫正视力（BCVA）、裂隙灯检查、散瞳后眼底检查、彩色眼底照相、荧光素眼底血管造影术（FFA）、相干光层析成像术（OCT）检查结果。对两组受试者进行血清细胞因子检测，包括白细胞介素（IL）类、干扰素（IFN）类以及肿瘤坏死因子α的水平。 结果： 28只眼中，严重视力下降（BCVA≤0.3）者3只眼（10.7%），中度视力下降（BCVA>0.3且≤0.5）者2只眼（13.3%），轻度视力下降（BCVA>0.5且≤1.0）者23只眼（82.1%）。所有28只眼在OCT上均表现为外核层高反射及外层视网膜结构的不连续，其中有3只眼同时伴有后极部视网膜1处或多处棉絮斑（10.7%），2只眼伴有轻度黄斑囊样水肿和视网膜内高反射点（7.1%），1只眼同时伴有旁中心性急性黄斑病变（3.6%）。有2例（4只眼，14.3%）FFA检查结果提示伴有视网膜血管炎。AMN组和对照组血清IL-4分别为4.49（3.66，6.08）和1.40（0.62，1.68）pg/ml、IL-5分别为7.34（5.04，14.06）和0.17（0.11，1.86）pg/ml、IFN-α分别为8.42（6.31，14.89）和0.50（0.30，0.83）pg/ml、IFN-γ分别为17.93（12.75，32.44）和7.43（0.00，14.74）pg/ml，两组差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。 结论： 新型冠状病毒感染后AMN除表现为黄斑区楔形暗红色病灶外，还可合并棉絮斑以及视网膜血管炎，同时伴有血清多种炎症因子的升高。.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the subthreshold micropulse laser (SMPL) combined with ranibizumab in treating diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods: This was a prospective randomized controlled study. Patients diagnosed with DME in the Ophthalmology Department of Beijing Hospital were enrolled from January 2020 to December 2022. Patients were randomized in a ratio of 1∶1 using a table of random numbers into the ranibizumab monotherapy group and the SMPL combined with ranibizumab therapy group. We compared the changes of best-corrected visual acuity, central macular thickness measured by optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography parameters, including the vessel density of the superficial and deep capillary plexus (DCP), foveal avascular zone size and peripapillary vessel density, at baseline, 6 and 12 months after the treatment. After 12 months of follow-up, fundus fluorescein angiography results, adverse events, and the number of injections or laser therapies were recorded. The Fisher\'s exact test and group t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Seventy-two patients (72 eyes) were enrolled, with a mean age of (61.1±8.2) years. Patients in the combination therapy group included 19 males and 17 females, while patients in the ranibizumab monotherapy group were 17 males and 19 females. There was no statistically significant difference in baseline characteristics between the two groups (P>0.05). A significant improvement in best-corrected visual acuity was shown in both groups at 6 and 12 months [(58.5±12.9) and (58.2±12.2) ETDRS letters in the combination therapy group, and (63.3±13.1) and (63.8±12.5) ETDRS letters in the ranibizumab monotherapy group]. A significant reduction in central macular thickness was shown in both groups at 6 and 12 months [(451.0±185.5) and (380.4±159.3)μm in the combination therapy group, and (387.5±135.5) and (372.8±146.1)μm in the ranibizumab monotherapy group]. However, there was no significant difference between groups at each timepoint (all P>0.05). At 12 months, the vessel density of the superficial capillary plexus showed no statistical difference compared to the baseline value in each group or between groups (42.6%±5.9% in the ranibizumab monotherapy group and 42.2%±5.5% in the combination therapy group, P>0.05). The vessel density of the DCP in the combination therapy group significantly increased to 47.5%±5.6% at 12 months, significantly different from that in the ranibizumab group (43.4%±5.1%; P<0.05). The foveal avascular zone size in the ranibizumab monotherapy group reduced to (0.32±0.13) mm2, significantly different from that in the combination therapy group [(0.34±0.16) mm2] at 12 months (P<0.05). Patients in the ranibizumab monotherapy group received (7.3±2.5) intravitreal injections, while patients in the combination therapy group received 3 injections. No unfavorable outcomes on fundus fluorescein angiography or systemic or topical severe adverse events were observed during the follow-up. Conclusions: The SMPL combined with intravitreal ranibizumab injections was effective and safe in treating DME patients. The combination treatment significantly reduced the number of injections and improved the vessel density of the DCP and macular ischemia, compared to the ranibizumab monotherapy.
目的： 探讨阈值下微脉冲激光（SMPL）联合雷珠单克隆抗体治疗糖尿病性黄斑水肿（DME）的有效性、安全性及特点。 方法： 前瞻性随机对照研究。连续收集2020年1月至2022年12月在北京医院眼科确诊为DME的患者，使用随机数字表按照1∶1比例随机分为SMPL联合雷珠单克隆抗体治疗组（联合组）和单纯雷珠单克隆抗体治疗组（单纯组）。记录并比较两组治疗前（基线）和治疗6和12个月随访时的最佳矫正视力（BCVA）、黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度（CMT）以及相干光层析血管成像术参数，包括浅层毛细血管丛血管密度（SCP-VD）、深层毛细血管丛血管密度（DCP-VD）、黄斑中心凹无血管区（FAZ）面积、视盘旁血管密度（P-VD）；治疗前和治疗12个月随访时的荧光素眼底血管造影术（FFA）检查结果，治疗12个月随访时玻璃体腔注射药物次数、SMPL治疗次数和不良反应。采用Fisher精确概率法和成组t检验进行统计学分析。 结果： 共纳入符合标准DME患者72例（72只眼），年龄为（61.1±8.2）岁；联合组36例（36只眼），男性19例（19只眼），女性17例（17只眼）；单纯组36例（36只眼），男性17例（17只眼），女性19例（19只眼），两组基线特征比较差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。治疗6和12个月随访时，两组BCVA均明显改善［联合组提升至（58.5±12.9）和（58.2±12.2）个早期治疗糖尿病视网膜病变研究（ETDRS）字母；单纯组提升至（63.3±13.1）和（63.8±12.5）个ETDRS字母］；CMT均显著下降［联合组降低至（451.0±185.5）和（380.4±159.3）μm；单纯组降低至（387.5±135.5）和（372.8±146.1）μm］，差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05），但是组间比较的差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。治疗12个月随访时，单纯组（42.6%±5.9%）和联合组（42.2%±5.5%）SCP-VD与基线比较的差异和组间比较的差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）；联合组DCP-VD增加至47.5%±5.6%，与单纯组比较（43.4%±5.1%）的差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；单纯组FAZ面积缩小至（0.32±0.13）mm2，联合组FAZ面积缩小至（0.34±0.16）mm2，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；眼内注射药物次数单纯组为（7.3±2.5）次，联合组为3次。两组随访期间FFA检查无明显变化，全身或局部无严重不良反应发生。 结论： SMPL联合雷珠单克隆抗体注射治疗DME患者有效且安全；与单纯雷珠单克隆抗体注射治疗比较，可减少眼内注射药物次数，并改善深层毛细血管丛的血流灌注，改善黄斑缺血。.

Fundus imaging plays a pivotal role in diagnosing retinal and choroidal diseases. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), by capturing signals to reconstruct vascular structures, offers a clear depiction of retinal vasculature with notable advantages such as rapid scanning and non-invasiveness. Although OCTA, due to its underlying principles, cannot dynamically assess vascular function, exploring its future applications and potential to eventually replace traditional fundus angiography remains a key focus in the medical community. OCTA provides multiple parameters that conventional fundus angiography cannot obtain. With the expanding coverage area of OCTA scans and improvements in artifact elimination, the detection rate of various retinal and choroidal diseases has significantly increased, making the widespread clinical application of OCTA an inevitable trend. Although ultra-widefield OCTA cannot yet fully replace angiography in clinical practice, with continued clinical practice, expanded clinical research, and ongoing technological innovation, OCTA is expected to gradually replace fundus angiography in the future.
眼底影像学在视网膜和脉络膜疾病的诊断中发挥着关键作用。相干光层析血管成像术（OCTA）通过采集信号重建血管结构，能够清晰地展示视网膜血管情况，具备扫描速度快和无创性等显著优势。尽管由于检测原理限制，OCTA无法动态评估血管功能，但探讨OCTA未来应用的发展趋势及其是否能最终替代眼底血管造影术，仍是当前医学界关注的焦点。OCTA因其能够提供传统眼底血管造影术无法获取的多种参数，且随着OCTA检查结果眼底覆盖面积的扩大及伪影消除能力的提升，其在多种视网膜和脉络膜疾病的识别率已显著提高，OCTA在临床上的广泛应用已是大势所趋。尽管目前超广角OCTA在临床应用中还不能全面替代血管造影术，但随着临床实践的深入、临床研究的扩展以及技术的持续创新，OCTA在未来有望逐步替代眼底血管造影术。.

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UNASSIGNED: To evaluate the relationships among morphology, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and retinal sensitivity of photocoagulated lesions more than 1 year after panretinal photocoagulation in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and good vision.
UNASSIGNED: This retrospective cohort study included patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy who had undergone panretinal photocoagulation more than 1 year ago. The photocoagulated lesions were classified according to FAF levels: group A, no FAF; group B, diffuse FAF; group C, white-dotted centers with diffuse FAF; group D, white-dotted centers without FAF; and group E, controls. The main outcome measures were FAF, retinal sensitivity, and morphology of the photocoagulated lesions.
UNASSIGNED: The median sensitivity values and number of photocoagulated lesions in groups A (n = 37), B (n = 39), C (n = 4), D (n = 15), and E (n = 39) were 0 dB, 18.0 dB, 13.9 dB, 0.3 dB, and 21.5 dB, respectively. EZ lines were absent in 93.5%, 18.1%, 50%, 93.3%, and 0% of lesions in groups A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. The inner retinal layer was damaged in 45.2%, 3.0%, 50%, 73.3%, and 0% lesions in groups A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. Statistically significant between-group differences were observed in the retinal sensitivities of the photocoagulated lesions, presence of EZ lines, and damage to the inner retinal layer (p < 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: The photoreceptors in most photocoagulated lesions with diffuse FAF retain their morphology and function.
UNASSIGNED: Using fundus autofluorescence, the damage to photoreceptors after panretinal photocoagulation in patients with diabetes can be estimated in a noninvasive manner. This process can help in determining the need for additional panretinal photocoagulation.

UNASSIGNED: Yasunari nodules are choroidal lesions observed in patients diagnosed with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) and characterized by relatively irregular dome-shaped, plaque-like, or patchy boundaries. The present study examines the multimodal imaging characteristics of Yasunari nodules and their value in the diagnosis of NF-1.
UNASSIGNED: Medical records including optical coherence tomography (OCT), enhanced depth imaging OCT, infrared reflectance (IR) imaging, OCT angiography, and color fundus images of NF-1 patients who were examined at the Department of Ophthalmology in Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine between January 2022 and December 2023 were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of Yasunari nodules.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 54 eyes of 27 patients were included in the study. At least one choroidal nodule was detected on IR imaging in 52 eyes (96.3%). In 31 (72.1%) of the 43 eyes (79.6%) with available high-quality OCT angiography images, choroidal nodules were observed as areas showing a flow deficit in the choriocapillaris layer. Of the total 54 eyes included, Lisch nodules without choroidal nodules were observed in 2 eyes (3.7%). In 16 eyes (29.6%), Lisch nodules were not detected despite the presence of choroidal nodules. Both Lisch nodules and choroidal nodules were detected in the other 36 eyes (66.7%).
UNASSIGNED: Yasunari nodules are frequently observed in NF-1 cases and can be easily detected with multimodal imaging techniques, especially IR imaging. The ability to visualize choroidal nodules before the appearance of Lisch nodules demonstrates the importance of Yasunari nodules in the diagnosis of NF-1.

Choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH) is a known entity, observed primarily during the chronic convalescent and chronic-recurrent phases of the disease. However, the peripapillary location of CNVM is a rare finding.We describe a case of chronic VKH with bilateral peripapillary CNVM detected using multimodal imaging and the associated differential diagnoses and treatment approach.A combination of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections, systemic steroids and immunosuppressants is often required to manage the aggressive course of this choroidal neovascularisation.