Crowdfunding

众筹
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:补充和替代(CAM)癌症治疗通常很昂贵,并且不在保险范围内。因此,许多人转向众筹来获得这种治疗。
    目的:这项研究的目的是通过专门研究支持蒂华纳CAM癌症治疗的众筹活动,来确定在国外寻求CAM治疗的癌症患者的理由。墨西哥。
    方法:我们刮了GoFundMe.com和GiveSendGo.com众筹平台,以开展参考蒂华纳CAM癌症诊所的活动,始于2022年1月1日至2023年2月28日。作者创建了一个编码框架,以确定在蒂华纳寻求CAM治疗的理由。要补充市场活动元数据,我们编码了受益人的癌症阶段,type,年龄,寻求特定治疗,受益人是否死了,性别,和种族。
    结果:患者在蒂华纳寻求CAM癌症治疗,因为(1)治疗提供了最大的疗效(29.9%);(2)国内提供的治疗不是治愈的(23.2%);(3)诊所治疗整个人,并解决了人的精神层面(20.1%);(4)治疗是无毒的,自然,或侵入性较小(18.2%);(5)诊所提供最新技术(8.5%)。运动筹集了5,275,268.37美元,大多数运动受益者是妇女(69.7%)或白人(71.1%)。
    结论:这些运动传播了关于CAM治疗可能疗效的有问题的错误信息,向蒂华纳的CAM诊所提供资金和代言,让许多活动家缺乏支付CAM治疗所需的资金,同时花费受益人和他们所爱的人的时间,隐私,和尊严。这项研究证实了蒂华纳,墨西哥,是CAM癌症治疗的一个非常受欢迎的目的地。
    BACKGROUND: Complementary and alternative (CAM) cancer treatment is often expensive and not covered by insurance. As a result, many people turn to crowdfunding to access this treatment.
    OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to identify the rationales of patients with cancer seeking CAM treatment abroad by looking specifically at crowdfunding campaigns to support CAM cancer treatment in Tijuana, Mexico.
    METHODS: We scraped the GoFundMe.com and GiveSendGo.com crowdfunding platforms for campaigns referencing CAM cancer clinics in Tijuana, initiated between January 1, 2022, and February 28, 2023. The authors created a coding framework to identify rationales for seeking CAM treatment in Tijuana. To supplement campaign metadata, we coded the beneficiary\'s cancer stage, type, age, specific treatment sought, whether the beneficiary died, gender, and race.
    RESULTS: Patients sought CAM cancer treatment in Tijuana because the (1) treatment offers the greatest efficacy (29.9%); (2) treatment offered domestically was not curative (23.2%); (3) the clinic treats the whole person, and addresses the spiritual dimension of the person (20.1%); (4) treatments are nontoxic, natural, or less invasive (18.2%); and (5) clinic offers the newest technology (8.5%). Campaigns raised US $5,275,268.37 and most campaign beneficiaries were women (69.7%) or White individuals (71.1%).
    CONCLUSIONS: These campaigns spread problematic misinformation about the likely efficacy of CAM treatments, funnel money and endorsements to CAM clinics in Tijuana, and leave many campaigners short of the money needed to pay for CAM treatments while costing beneficiaries and their loved one\'s time, privacy, and dignity. This study affirms that Tijuana, Mexico, is a very popular destination for CAM cancer treatment.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    高等教育机构,包括医学院,越来越依赖筹款来弥补资金缺口并支持他们的任务。本文提出了一种关于筹款中数据驱动策略的观点,概述了有效规划的4步方法,同时考虑伦理影响。它概述了一个四步的方法来创建一个有效的,端到端,数据驱动的筹款计划,强调数据收集的关键阶段,数据分析,目标确立,并有针对性地制定战略。通过利用内部和外部数据,学校可以创建量身定制的外展计划,与潜在的捐助者产生共鸣。然而,筹款过程必须基于道德考虑。道德挑战,特别是在与感恩的医疗患者筹款方面,必须采取透明和诚实的做法,优先考虑捐赠者和受益者的权利,并维护公众信任。本文提出了关于数据驱动策略在医学教育筹款中的关键作用的观点。它强调将全面的数据分析与道德考虑相结合,以加强医学院的筹款工作。通过将数据分析与筹款最佳实践相结合,并确保道德实践,医疗机构可以确保财政支持和培育持久,与他们的捐助社区建立基于信任的关系。
    UNASSIGNED: Higher education institutions, including medical schools, increasingly rely on fundraising to bridge funding gaps and support their missions. This paper presents a viewpoint on data-driven strategies in fundraising, outlining a 4-step approach for effective planning while considering ethical implications. It outlines a 4-step approach to creating an effective, end-to-end, data-driven fundraising plan, emphasizing the crucial stages of data collection, data analysis, goal establishment, and targeted strategy formulation. By leveraging internal and external data, schools can create tailored outreach initiatives that resonate with potential donors. However, the fundraising process must be grounded in ethical considerations. Ethical challenges, particularly in fundraising with grateful medical patients, necessitate transparent and honest practices prioritizing donors\' and beneficiaries\' rights and safeguarding public trust. This paper presents a viewpoint on the critical role of data-driven strategies in fundraising for medical education. It emphasizes integrating comprehensive data analysis with ethical considerations to enhance fundraising efforts in medical schools. By integrating data analytics with fundraising best practices and ensuring ethical practice, medical institutions can ensure financial support and foster enduring, trust-based relationships with their donor communities.
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  • 文章类型: Letter
    暂无摘要。
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:患者可能会使用众筹来募集捐款,通常来自使用基于互联网的手段的多个小捐赠者,来抵消癌症治疗的财务毒性。
    目的:描述妇科癌症患者的众筹活动,并比较宫颈癌患者之间的活动特征和需求,子宫,和卵巢癌。
    方法:我们向公众众筹论坛GoFundMe.com查询“宫颈癌,子宫癌,“和”卵巢癌。“分析了美国境内每种癌症类型筹款的前200个连续帖子。有关活动目标和所表达需求的数据是手动提取的。进行描述性统计和双变量分析。
    结果:在600个筹款页面中,竞选目标中位数为$10,000[IQR$5000-$23,000]。广告系列的目标中位数为28.6%,只有8.7%的广告系列在在线54天后达到了目标。平均而言,卵巢癌运动有更高的货币目标,更多的捐助者,和更大的捐赠金额比宫颈癌运动和筹集更多的钱比宫颈癌和子宫癌运动。竞选活动是筹款以支持医疗费用(80-85%),其次是工资损失(36-56%)或生活费用(27-41%)。与子宫癌或卵巢癌运动相比,宫颈癌运动报告的非医疗费用需求更高。没有扩大医疗补助计划的州(占全国人口的31%)在宫颈癌和子宫癌中的比例过高,但不是卵巢癌运动。
    结论:众筹页面显示,患者为数千美元的自付费用和基于癌症类型的各种未满足的财务需求筹款。
    Patients may use crowdfunding to solicit donations, typically from multiple small donors using internet-based means, to offset the financial toxicity of cancer care.
    To describe crowdfunding campaigns by gynecologic cancer patients and to compare campaign characteristics and needs expressed between patients with cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancer.
    We queried the public crowdfunding forum GoFundMe.com for \"cervical cancer,\" \"uterine cancer,\" and \"ovarian cancer.\" The first 200 consecutive posts for each cancer type fundraising within the United States were analyzed. Data on campaign goals and needs expressed were manually extracted. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were performed.
    Among the 600 fundraising pages, the median campaign goal was $10,000 [IQR $5000-$23,000]. Campaigns raised a median of 28.6% of their goal with only 8.7% of campaigns reaching their goal after a median of 54 days online. On average, ovarian cancer campaigns had higher monetary goals, more donors, and larger donation amounts than cervical cancer campaigns and raised more money than both cervical and uterine cancer campaigns. Campaigns were fundraising to support medical costs (80-85%) followed by lost wages (36-56%) or living expenses (27-41%). Cervical cancer campaigns reported need for non-medical costs more frequently than uterine or ovarian cancer campaigns. States without Medicaid expansions (31% of the national population) were over-represented among cervical cancer and uterine cancer, but not ovarian cancer campaigns.
    Crowdfunding pages reveal patients fundraising for out-of-pocket costs in the thousands of dollars and a wide range of unmet financial needs based on cancer type.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    财政因素继续影响心脏移植的获得。移植接受者面临各种成本,包括,但不限于,住院指数,免疫抑制药物,以及住宿和旅行预约。在这项研究中,我们试图描述接受心脏移植评估的个体的众筹状况.使用搜索词心脏移植,审查了1000个GoFundMe活动。排除后,包括634个(63.4%)活动。大多数运动都支持白人(57.8%),男性(63.1%)和成年人(76.7%)。大约15%的竞选活动没有筹集任何资金。其余的竞选活动每天筹集的中位数为53.24美元。在患者中,44%的人在筹款时被录取。在美国的竞选活动中,最大的比例是在美国东南部的非医疗补助扩张州。这些发现强调了与心脏移植相关的重大财务毒性,以及需要在政府和付款人层面进行宣传,以改善所有人的公平获取和覆盖面。
    Financial considerations continue to impact access to heart transplantation. Transplant recipients face various costs, including, but not limited to, the index hospitalization, immunosuppressive medications, and lodging and travel to appointments. In this study, we sought to describe the state of crowdfunding for individuals being evaluated for heart transplantation. Using the search term heart transplant, 1000 GoFundMe campaigns were reviewed. After exclusions, 634 (63.4%) campaigns were included. Most campaigns were in support of white individuals (57.8%), males (63.1%) and adults (76.7%). Approximately 15% of campaigns had not raised any funds. The remaining campaigns fundraised a median of $53.24 dollars per day. Of the patients, 44% were admitted at the time of the fundraising. Within the campaigns in the United States, the greatest proportions were in the Southeast United States in non-Medicaid expansion states. These findings highlight the significant financial toxicities associated with heart transplantation and the need for advocacy at the governmental and payer levels to improve equitable access and coverage for all.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    健康教育游戏使与健康相关的任务变得愉快和互动,鼓励用户参与。企业家和健康教育工作者可以利用在线众筹平台,比如Kickstarter,将他们的创新理念转化为资助项目。
    本研究的重点是Kickstarter上的健康教育游戏计划。通过在线用户调查,它旨在了解用户的看法,并评估可能影响此类众筹计划成功的8个不同组件的重要性。
    共有75名参与者使用8个维度评估游戏:游戏规则,学习目标,叙事,内容组织,动机,交互性,技能建设,评估和反馈。调查数据采用描述性统计分析,探索性因素分析,Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney检验,和多变量分析。
    探索性数据分析表明,在8个维度中,技能建设,内容组织,和交互性是与众筹健康教育游戏最密切相关的排名最高的维度。从探索性因素分析中可以将8个维度分为3类:游戏内容-,说明-,和游戏设计相关的组件。进一步的统计分析证实了这些维度与健康教育游戏成功众筹之间的相关性。
    这项实证分析确定了游戏提案设计的关键因素,这些因素可以增加获得众筹支持的可能性。
    UNASSIGNED: Health education games make health-related tasks enjoyable and interactive, thereby encouraging user participation. Entrepreneurs and health educators can leverage online crowdfunding platforms, such as Kickstarter, to transform their innovative ideas into funded projects.
    UNASSIGNED: This research focuses on health education game initiatives on Kickstarter. Through an online user survey, it aims to understand user perceptions and evaluate the significance of 8 distinct components that may influence the success of such crowdfunding initiatives.
    UNASSIGNED: A total of 75 participants evaluated games using 8 dimensions: game rules, learning objectives, narrative, content organization, motivation, interactivity, skill building, and assessment and feedback. The survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis, exploratory factor analysis, the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, and multivariate analysis.
    UNASSIGNED: Exploratory data analysis showed that, among the 8 dimensions, skill building, content organization, and interactivity were the top-ranking dimensions most closely associated with crowdfunding health education game. The 8 dimensions can be grouped into 3 categories from the exploratory factor analysis: game content-, instruction-, and game design-related components. Further statistical analysis confirmed the correlation between these dimensions with the successful crowdfunding of health education games.
    UNASSIGNED: This empirical analysis identified critical factors for game proposal design that can increase the likelihood of securing crowdfunding support.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:新兴文献表明,LGBTQ+癌症幸存者比非LGBTQ+癌症幸存者更有可能经历经济负担。然而,LGBTQ+癌症幸存者对众筹等成本应对行为的经验研究不足。
    方法:我们旨在通过结合社区参与和基于技术的方法来评估LGBTQ在癌症众筹中的不平等。众筹活动是从GoFundMe网上抓取的,并使用术语词典分类为癌症相关和LGBTQ+或非LGBTQ+。双变量分析和广义线性模型用于评估LGBTQ状态提高的总目标量的差异效应。分层模型由在线覆盖和LGBTQ+国家政策的包容性运行。
    结果:2022年11月,从GoFundMe网上收集了N=188,342个活跃的癌症相关众筹活动,其中N=535个是LGBTQ+,范围从2014年到2022年。在最近竞选活动的多变量模型(2019-2022年)中,LGBTQ+活动筹集的资金比非LGBTQ+活动少1608美元(95%CI:-2139,-1077)。低LGBTQ+运动(26-45个捐助者),中度(46-87个捐助者),和高(88-240个捐助者)在线达到平均1152美元(95%CI:-1589美元,-716美元),1050美元(95%CI:-1737美元,-364美元),和2655美元(95%CI:-4312美元,-998美元)分别比非LGBTQ+广告系列少。当按LGBTQ的包容性分层时,具有反LGBTQ政策/缺乏公平政策的州平均筹集了1910美元(95%CI:-2640,-1182),比来自同一州的非LGBTQ运动少。
    结论:我们的发现揭示了LGBTQ+在癌症相关众筹中的不平等,这表明,与非LGBTQ+癌症幸存者相比,LGBTQ+癌症幸存者可能不太能够通过众筹解决经济负担,这可能会扩大现有的经济不平等。
    BACKGROUND: Emerging literature suggests that LGBTQ+ cancer survivors are more likely to experience financial burden than non-LGBTQ+ survivors. However, LGBTQ+ cancer survivors experience with cost-coping behaviors such as crowdfunding is understudied.
    METHODS: We aimed to assess LGBTQ+ inequity in cancer crowdfunding by combining community-engaged and technology-based methods. Crowdfunding campaigns were web-scraped from GoFundMe and classified as cancer-related and LGBTQ+ or non-LGBTQ+ using term dictionaries. Bivariate analyses and generalized linear models were used to assess differential effects in total goal amount raised by LGBTQ+ status. Stratified models were run by online reach and LGBTQ+ inclusivity of state policy.
    RESULTS: A total of N = 188,342 active cancer-related crowdfunding campaigns were web-scraped from GoFundMe in November 2022, of which N = 535 were LGBTQ+ and ranged from 2014 to 2022. In multivariable models of recent campaigns (2019-2022), LGBTQ+ campaigns raised $1608 (95% CI: -2139, -1077) less than non-LGBTQ+ campaigns. LGBTQ+ campaigns with low (26-45 donors), moderate (46-87 donors), and high (88-240 donors) online reach raised on average $1152 (95% CI: -$1589, -$716), $1050 (95% CI: -$1737, -$364), and $2655 (95% CI: -$4312, -$998) less than non-LGBTQ+ campaigns respectively. When stratified by LGBTQ+ inclusivity of state level policy states with anti-LGBTQ+ policy/lacking equitable policy raised on average $1910 (95% CI: -2640, -1182) less than non-LGBTQ+ campaigns from the same states.
    CONCLUSIONS: Our findings revealed LGBTQ+ inequity in cancer-related crowdfunding, suggesting that LGBTQ+ cancer survivors may be less able to address financial burden via crowdfunding in comparison to non-LGBTQ+ cancer survivors-potentially widening existing economic inequities.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    本研究对现有的众筹文献进行了文献计量和科学计量检查。该分析包含来自Scopus数据库的总共1156篇文章。数据使用文献计量技术呈现,采用R-studio和VOS查看器软件。进行了科学计量分析,以确定研究主题的发现和模式,当前和未来的研究方向,影响,共现,共同引用,以及影响和协作的趋势。从2010年到2023年,关于众筹的文献表现出了显著的增长。在2020年至2023年之间,与众筹有关的出版物数量经历了大幅增长。突出的研究趋势和合作趋势包括众筹和资源动员的各个方面,包括众筹,筹款,社会资本,点对点贷款,风险投资,和众筹的成功。此外,本研究在对现有文献进行全面考察的基础上,为研究提供了更大的范围。我们的研究结果有可能为即将到来的学者提供有价值的见解,Corporations,和监管机构寻求理解众筹研究领域的当前模式和预期进展。
    This study offers a bibliometric and Scientometric examination of the existing body of literature on crowdfunding. The analysis incorporates a total of 1156 articles from the Scopus database. The data is presented using the bibliometric technique, employing R-studio and VOS viewer software. A Scientometric analysis was undertaken to ascertain the discoveries and patterns of research themes, current and future research orientations, impact, co-occurrence, co-citations, as well as trends in impact and collaboration. The literature on crowdfunding has exhibited significant growth from 2010 to 2023. The number of publications pertaining to crowdfunding has experienced substantial growth between the years 2020 and 2023. The highlighted research trends and collaboration trends encompass various aspects of crowdfunding and resource mobilization, including crowdfunding, fundraising, social capital, peer-to-peer lending, venture capital, and crowdfunding success. Additionally, this study offers an expanded scope for the study based on a comprehensive examination of existing literature. The outcomes of our study have the potential to offer valuable insights for forthcoming scholars, corporations, and regulatory bodies seeking to comprehend the present patterns and anticipated advancements in the field of crowdfunding research.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:近年来,人们越来越担心众筹中的偏见;然而,实证研究仍然有限,特别是在医疗众筹的背景下。这项研究解决了医疗众筹中种族差异这一紧迫的问题,特别关注GoFundMe平台上的癌症众筹。
    目的:本研究旨在使用平均捐赠金额调查癌症众筹中的种族差异,捐款数量,和筹款活动的成功作为结果。
    方法:从美国104,809个活动的大量数据集中得出,我们使用DeepFace面部识别技术来确定种族身份,并使用回归模型来检查众筹绩效中的种族因素。我们还研究了白人居民比例对众筹偏见的调节作用,并使用2尾t检验来衡量种族匿名对众筹成功的影响。由于样本量大,我们将显著性的截止值设定为P<.001。
    结果:在回归和补充分析中,筹款人的种族身份显著预测了平均捐款(P<.001),这表明内隐偏见可能在捐赠者行为中起作用。性别(P=.04)和活动描述长度(P=.62)并不能显着预测平均捐赠金额。筹款人的种族与捐赠数量没有显着相关(P=0.42)。癌症众筹活动的成功率,尽管总体上较低(11.77%),与筹款人的种族有显著的关联(P<.001)。在控制了筹款人性别的协变量之后,募捐年龄,当地白色比例,活动描述的长度,和筹款目标,白人的平均捐赠金额比黑人高17.68%。此外,未披露种族信息的运动显示,平均捐赠金额(3.92%)略高于有色人种。此外,发现募捐者居住县的种族构成具有影响力(P<.001);白人居民比例较高的县在众筹结果中表现出减少的种族差异。
    结论:这项研究有助于更深入地了解癌症众筹中的种族差异。它强调了种族认同的影响,地理环境,以及捐赠者行为中潜在的内隐偏见。随着基于Web的平台的发展,解决种族不平等和促进卫生保健筹资公平仍然是关键目标。这项研究的见解提出了诸如保持种族匿名性和确保竞选活动提供有力证据的策略。此外,为了消除促使个人寻求众筹支持的财务困境,更广泛的社会变革是必要的。
    In recent years, there has been growing concern about prejudice in crowdfunding; however, empirical research remains limited, particularly in the context of medical crowdfunding. This study addresses the pressing issue of racial disparities in medical crowdfunding, with a specific focus on cancer crowdfunding on the GoFundMe platform.
    This study aims to investigate racial disparities in cancer crowdfunding using average donation amount, number of donations, and success of the fundraising campaign as outcomes.
    Drawing from a substantial data set of 104,809 campaigns in the United States, we used DeepFace facial recognition technology to determine racial identities and used regression models to examine racial factors in crowdfunding performance. We also examined the moderating effect of the proportion of White residents on crowdfunding bias and used 2-tailed t tests to measure the influence of racial anonymity on crowdfunding success. Owing to the large sample size, we set the cutoff for significance at P<.001.
    In the regression and supplementary analyses, the racial identity of the fundraiser significantly predicted average donations (P<.001), indicating that implicit bias may play a role in donor behavior. Gender (P=.04) and campaign description length (P=.62) did not significantly predict the average donation amounts. The race of the fundraiser was not significantly associated with the number of donations (P=.42). The success rate of cancer crowdfunding campaigns, although generally low (11.77%), showed a significant association with the race of the fundraiser (P<.001). After controlling for the covariates of the fundraiser gender, fundraiser age, local White proportion, length of campaign description, and fundraising goal, the average donation amount to White individuals was 17.68% higher than for Black individuals. Moreover, campaigns that did not disclose racial information demonstrated a marginally higher average donation amount (3.92%) than those identified as persons of color. Furthermore, the racial composition of the fundraiser\'s county of residence was found to exert influence (P<.001); counties with a higher proportion of White residents exhibited reduced racial disparities in crowdfunding outcomes.
    This study contributes to a deeper understanding of racial disparities in cancer crowdfunding. It highlights the impact of racial identity, geographic context, and the potential for implicit bias in donor behavior. As web-based platforms evolve, addressing racial inequality and promoting fairness in health care financing remain critical goals. Insights from this research suggest strategies such as maintaining racial anonymity and ensuring that campaigns provide strong evidence of deservingness. Moreover, broader societal changes are necessary to eliminate the financial distress that drives individuals to seek crowdfunding support.
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  • 文章类型: Systematic Review
    背景:被诊断患有严重慢性疾病的人及其看护者经历了多种类型的财务成本,这些成本使他们的收入紧张并产生财务困境。许多人转向医疗众筹(MCF),以减轻这些成本对他们的健康和生活质量的危害。
    目的:本范围综述旨在总结被诊断患有严重慢性病的人的MCF研究,包括研究设计和方法;研究实践的负责任行为;以及与压力相关的研究重点,压力评估,和应对过程。
    方法:本综述按照PRISMA(系统评价和Meta分析的首选报告项目)和PRISMA-ScR(系统评价和Meta分析扩展的首选报告项目)指南进行。在世界银行指定为高收入国家进行了符合条件的研究,重点是被诊断患有严重慢性病的受益人。对纳入研究的结果进行了总结,因为它们与概念框架中的关键概念相关,这些概念框架源于既定的压力,评估,儿科肿瘤学金融毒性的应对框架和概念模型。
    结果:总体而言,26项研究有资格纳入审查。主要调查结果包括缺乏定性和定量方法的整合,以及对负责任的研究实践行为的报告不一致。纳入的研究侧重于导致经济负担的财务压力源,例如自付医疗费用,基本生活费用,医疗差旅费,以及由于与疾病有关的工作中断而导致的收入损失。很少有研究将压力评估视为威胁或可用财政资源的充足性。当提到,与COVID-19大流行期间全球金融斗争或社交网络成员捐赠资金能力有关的评估。MCF的后果包括获得3种形式的社会支持(有形,信息性,和情感),隐私丢失,尴尬,以及科学上不支持的信息的传播。研究发现,朋友和家人倾向于管理MCF活动。尽管大多数研究(21/26,81%)关注的是货币结果,少数人(5/26,19%)集中在人们对MCF的体验上。
    结论:确定的方法学差距突出了需要更可靠和可重复的方法来使用公共MCF平台上可用的大量数据。定量和定性方法的整合将允许对MCF经验进行细微差别的探索。有必要更加一致地制定战略,以促进负责任的研究行为,以最大程度地减少易受伤害人群的风险,并对失去隐私表示担忧。最后,对MCF的意外后果的审查对于未来干预措施的发展至关重要,以优化现有支持,同时提供所需的支持,金融和非金融,缺乏的。
    Persons diagnosed with serious chronic illnesses and their caretakers experience multiple types of financial costs that strain their income and generate financial distress. Many turn to medical crowdfunding (MCF) to mitigate the harms of these costs on their health and quality of life.
    This scoping review aims to summarize the research on MCF for persons diagnosed with serious chronic illness regarding study designs and methods; the responsible conduct of research practices; and study foci as they relate to stress, stress appraisals, and the coping processes.
    This review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. Eligible studies were conducted in countries designated as high income by the World Bank and focused on beneficiaries diagnosed with serious chronic illness. The findings of the included studies were summarized as they related to the key concepts in a conceptual framework derived from an established stress, appraisal, and coping framework and a conceptual model of financial toxicity in pediatric oncology.
    Overall, 26 studies were eligible for inclusion in the review. The main findings included a lack of integration of qualitative and quantitative approaches and the inconsistent reporting of the responsible conduct of research practices. The included studies focused on financial stressors that contributed to financial burden, such as out-of-pocket payments of medical bills, basic living expenses, medical travel expenses, and lost income owing to illness-related work disruptions. Few studies addressed stress appraisals as threatening or the adequacy of available financial resources. When mentioned, appraisals related to the global financial struggle during the COVID-19 pandemic or the capacity of social network members to donate funds. The consequences of MCF included the receipt of 3 forms of social support (tangible, informational, and emotional), privacy loss, embarrassment, and the propagation of scientifically unsupported information. Studies found that friends and family tended to manage MCF campaigns. Although most of the studies (21/26, 81%) focused on monetary outcomes, a few (5/26, 19%) concentrated on peoples\' experiences with MCF.
    The identified methodological gaps highlight the need for more robust and reproducible approaches to using the copious data available on public MCF platforms. The integration of quantitative and qualitative methods will allow for nuanced explorations of the MCF experience. A more consistent elaboration of strategies to promote the responsible conduct of research is warranted to minimize risk to populations that are vulnerable and express concerns regarding the loss of privacy. Finally, an examination of the unanticipated consequences of MCF is critical for the development of future interventions to optimize existing supports while providing needed supports, financial and nonfinancial, that are lacking.
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