Community mental health

社区心理健康
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Georgia has recently made a commendable effort to reform mental health care. The \"Concept on Mental Health Care\" adopted by the Government and the two strategic plans for 2014-2020 and 2021-2031, which aimed to develop comprehensive evidence-based, culturally appropriate, and human rights-oriented mental health care, have promoted the deinstitutionalization and development of community mental health services. Since 2018, new standards of care for mental health ambulatories and mobile teams have been imposed and implemented in the state programme and funded accordingly. The study aimed to investigate the quality of care in community mental health services. As a result, we monitored the mental health ambulatories in all major cities and regional centres of the country (in total, 16 ambulatories) and the mobile teams which had at least two years of experience (in total, 14 mobile teams). The data analyses showed that the new standards for ambulatories and mobile teams increased access to and coverage of mental health care across the country. However, further effort is still needed to achieve comprehensive treatment by mental health care services.
    В последние годы, в Грузии были предприняты большие усилия по реформированию системы охраны психического здоровья. В 2013 году правительством Грузии была утверждена «Концепция психиатрической помощи», а также разработаны два стратегических плана на 2014–2020 и 2021–2031 гг, что способствовало процессу деинституционализации и развитию внебольничных служб охраны психического здоровья. С 2018 года в государственной программе были введены новые стандарты оказания помощи для амбулаторий и мобильных бригад и соответственно изменилась система финансирования. Настоящее исследование направлено на изучение качества обслуживания внебольничных служб охраны психического здоровья. Анализ данных мониторинга амбулаторий психического здоровья во всех крупных городах и областных центрах страны (всего 16 амбулатории) и мобильных бригад, которые функционируют, не менее двух лет (всего 14 сервисов) показал, что ведение новых стандартов для внебольничных служб психического здоровья расширило доступ и охват психиатрической помощью по всей стране. Тем не менее необходимы дальнейшие усилия для развития всеобъемлющего, комплексного и основанного на биопсихосоциальном подходе системы психического здоровья в стране.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Sri Lanka is a lower middle-income, small island nation in the Indian Ocean, with a multi-ethnic population of 22 million. The healthcare system of the country is well established and relatively advanced, the delivery of which is free to the consumer. The health indicators of the country are impressive compared to regional figures. Psychiatric care in Sri Lanka has witnessed a rapid development over the last four decades, as the care model transformed from an asylum-based model, established during the British colonial times, to a district-wise hospital-based, care delivery model. Gradually, the teams that provided inpatient and outpatient services at the hospitals also started to provide community-based care. The newly added community-based services include outreach clinics, residential intermediate rehabilitation centres, home-based care, community resource/support centres and telephone help lines. There is no or very little funding dedicated to community-based care services. The teams that deliver community services are funded, mostly indirectly, by the state health authorities. This is so, as these community teams are essentially the same psychiatry teams that are based at the hospitals, which are funded and run by the state health authorities. This lack of separation of the community and hospital teams without separate and dedicated funding is an impediment to service development, which needs to be addressed. However, paradoxically, this also constitutes an advantage, as the provision of care delivery from the hospital to the community is continuous, since the same team provides both hospital- and community-based care. In addition to the essential mental healthcare provision in the community with this basic infrastructure, each community service has improvised and adapted the utilization of other resources available to them, both formally as well as informally, to compensate for their financial and human resource limitations. These other resources are the community officials and the community services of the non-health sectors of the government, mainly the civil administration. Although sustainability may be questionable when services involve informal resources from the non-health sectors, these have so far proven useful and effective in a resource-poor environment, as they bring the community and various sectors together to facilitate services to support their own community.
    Шри-Ланка представляет собой небольшое островное государство в Индийском океане с доходами ниже среднего уровня и многонациональным населением в количестве 22 миллионов. Система здравоохранения в этой стране является устойчивой и относительно развитой, медицинские услуги предоставляются потребителям бесплатно. Показатели здоровья в стране являются впечатляющими в сравнении с региональными данными. Службы психиатрической помощи в Шри-Ланке быстро развивались в течение последних сорока лет, поскольку произошла смена модели психиатрической помощи: от модели на основе психиатрических лечебниц, сложившейся во времена, когда страна была колонией Британии, к модели оказания медицинских услуг на базе районных клиник. Постепенно группы специалистов, которые обеспечивали стационарное и амбулаторное лечение в клиниках, также стали оказывать медицинские услуги на территориальной основе. Новые дополнительные территориальные службы включают в себя выездные медпункты, центры промежуточной реабилитации с постоянным проживанием пациентов, уход на дому, территориальные информационные центры и центры поддержки, а также телефонные службы помощи. Специализированное финансирование территориальных медицинских услуг является очень скудным или вообще отсутствует. Финансирование групп, обеспечивающих функционирование территориальных служб, осуществляется государственными органами здравоохранения, в основном, косвенно. Это связано с тем, что такие территориальные службы, по сути, представляют собой те же службы психиатрической помощи на базе больниц, которые финансируются и управляются государственными органами здравоохранения. Отсутствие разграничения между территориальными и больничными службами и отдельного специализированного финансирования препятствует развитию таких служб, и эта проблема требует решения. Однако парадоксальным образом данная ситуация также является преимуществом, поскольку предоставление медицинских услуг на базе больниц и на территориальной основе осуществляется без перерывов, так как данные услуги оказывает одна и та же группа специалистов. Помимо оказания необходимой психиатрической помощи на территориальной основе с использованием такой базовой инфраструктуры, каждая территориальная служба приспособилась пользоваться другими доступными ресурсами, как официально, так и неофициально, чтобы компенсировать ограниченность финансовых и кадровых ресурсов. Такие ресурсы включают в себя общинных должностных лиц и территориальные правительственные службы, не связанные со здравоохранением (в основном, гражданскую администрацию). Хотя в случае привлечения неофициальных ресурсов из секторов, не связанных со здравоохранением, для оказания медицинских услуг устойчивость системы в долгосрочной перспективе вызывает сомнения, на данный момент в условиях нехватки ресурсов такая практика показала свою эффективность, поскольку она объединяет общество и различные секторы для упрощения предоставления услуг в целях поддержки региона.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Thailand is an upper middle-income country located in the center of mainland Southeast Asia with a population of 66.17 million as of 2021. The aim of this review article is to illustrate the development of community mental health in our country. We have divided the article into five main sections: namely, the mental health service infrastructure, the community mental health system, human resources, mental health financing, public education, and links to other sectors. Mental health care has been integrated into primary care since 1982, resulting in a major shift in focus on mental health at the community level; however, mental health problems and the mental health gap in service accessibility remain present, especially during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Community mental health care has been extended to networks outside the health care system, including the community authorities. It has been provided with psychiatric care and rehabilitation, together with the promotion of mental health and prevention of mental disorders for improving accessibility to services, especially during a pandemic situation. Finally, future challenges to face community mental health have been outlined, such as insufficient staff to develop rehabilitation service facilities for people with chronic, serious mental illnesses; identifying supporting funding from other stakeholders; and mental health care for persons with long COVID living in the community.
    Таиланд — страна с уровнем дохода выше среднего, расположенная в центре материковой части Юго-Восточной Азии, с населением 66,17 млн человек в 2021 году. Цель данной обзорной статьи — проанализировать этапы развития амбулаторной психиатрической службы в нашей стране. Статья разделена на пять основных разделов, а именно: система охраны психического здоровья, система амбулаторной психиатрической службы, кадровые ресурсы, финансирование психиатрической помощи, просвещение населения и связи с другими секторами. С 1982 года психиатрическая помощь интегрирована в первичную медико- санитарную помощь, что привело к значительному увеличению внимания к психическому здоровью на общественном уровне; однако проблемы в области психического здоровья и недостаточная доступность психиатрической помощи все еще существуют, особенно во время пандемии COVID-19. Амбулаторная психиатрическая служба охватила структуры, не входящие в систему здравоохранения, в том числе и органы местного самоуправления. Данная служба включает психиатрическую помощь и реабилитацию, а также укрепление психического здоровья и профилактику психических расстройств, ее задача заключается в повышении доступности помощи, особенно во время пандемии. Наконец, рассмотрены требующие решения проблемы амбулаторной психиатрической службы, такие как нехватка персонала для создания реабилитационной службы для людей с хроническими тяжелыми психическими заболеваниями, привлечение финансирования от других заинтересованных сторон, а также забота о психическом здоровье людей с постковидным синдромом в условиях привычной социальной среды.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在过去的几年里,厄瓜多尔已经从以医院为基础的精神保健模式过渡到以社区为中心的模式。然而,与基于医院的模式相关的挑战持续存在,特别是由于劳动力市场歧视而导致严重心理健康问题(SMHP)的人面临的经济负担。在政策规划中,这一群体的就业机会往往被忽视,尽管有证据表明它对心理健康有好处。Huertomanías,厄瓜多尔的城市花园倡议成立于2015年,与SMHP的个人合作,提供工作,收入,和社会包容。使用参与式方法进行了案例研究,以探索影响SMHP患者康复的因素。12名参与者参与了不同阶段的研究,在那里进行了一些参与性活动,包括认知制图,一个photovoice项目,和采访。分析采用了主题方法,导致城市花园内的四类影响:自治(财务和个人),人际关系和与环境的关系,心理健康,和家庭动态。建立了最后一类影响,包括影响复苏的外部因素(家庭支持,公共政策和医疗保健服务)。研究结果表明,城市花园促进了社会的自治和积极参与,改善心理健康,并改变家庭动态。Further,这项研究强调了社区精神保健(CBMHC)的重要性,强调公共政策和医疗保健在通过就业和以社区为中心的服务促进自治方面的必要性。最后,这项研究有助于深入了解恢复经验和CBMHC的好处,为拉丁美洲的方案制定和类似举措提供信息。
    For the past years, Ecuador has been transitioning away from a hospital-based model of mental healthcare to one that is community-centred. However, challenges associated with hospital-based models endure, notably financial burden faced by those with severe mental health problems (SMHPs) due to labour market discrimination. Employment access for this group is often disregarded in policy planning, despite evidence of its benefits on mental health. Huertomanías, an urban garden initiative in Ecuador founded in 2015, works with individuals with SMHPs, providing work, income, and social inclusion. A case study using a participatory approach was carried out to explore factors that impact the recovery of people with SMHPs. Twelve participants engaged in diverse stages of the research, where several participatory activities were conducted including cognitive mapping, a photovoice project, and interviews. The analysis employed a thematic approach leading to four categories of impact within the urban garden: autonomy (financial and personal), interpersonal relations and relation with the environment, mental health, and family dynamics. A final category of impact was established encompassing external factors (family support and public policy and healthcare services) that influence recovery. Findings suggest that the urban garden promotes autonomy and active participation within society, improves mental health, and transforms family dynamics. Further, this study highlights the importance of community-based mental healthcare (CBMHC), emphasising the need of public policies and healthcare in promoting autonomy through employment and community-centred services. Lastly, the study contributes insights into recovery experiences and CBMHC benefits, informing programme development and similar initiatives in Latin America.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    无家可归的老年人在心理健康需求和服务获取方面面临着不同的挑战。这项研究旨在通过检查精神疾病的患病率来阐明无家可归的老年人的心理健康景观,利用精神卫生服务,以及对精神保健的感知需求。这项研究包括纽约的177名无家可归的老年人,NY.研究结果表明,10.2%的人患有抑郁症,10.2%精神分裂症,和5.7%的双相情感障碍。尽管患病率很高,诊断出的精神健康状况和服务利用率之间存在显着差距,只有50%的抑郁症患者寻求治疗。对精神卫生服务的感知需求是这项研究的一个关键方面,超过一半的人患有抑郁症(61.1%;n=11),PTSD(75%;n=3),精神分裂症(77.8%;n=14),和其他精神疾病(100%;n=1)表示需要精神保健。此外,心理健康状况,孤独,社会支持水平在精神卫生服务需求中起着重要作用。
    Homeless seniors confront distinct challenges regarding their mental health needs and service access. This study aims to illuminate the mental health landscape of homeless seniors by examining the prevalence of mental illness, utilization of mental health services, and perceived need for mental health care. The study comprises 177 homeless seniors in New York, NY. Findings indicate 10.2% experiencing depression, 10.2% schizophrenia, and 5.7% bipolar disorder. Despite high prevalence, there is a significant gap between diagnosed mental health conditions and service utilization, with only 50% of those with depression seeking care. Perceived need for mental health services emerges as a critical aspect of the study, with over half of those suffering from depression (61.1%; n = 11), PTSD (75%; n = 3), schizophrenia (77.8%; n = 14), and other mental illnesses (100%; n = 1) expressing a need for mental health care. Also, mental health conditions, loneliness, and levels of social support play significant roles in a need for mental health services.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    类似于欧洲的趋势,在美国殖民地和早期美国历史上记录的精神疾病的方法通常以监禁和将个人从社区中移出为特征。在20世纪中叶,一个重大转变开始了,在社区中提供治疗,目的是鼓励个人重新加入社区。在本文中,我们将提供美国社区精神卫生服务的简要历史,以及影响其发展的力量。我们将探讨以社区为基础的护理方法的早期前身,然后详细说明导致立法的某些因素,同行和临床努力创建社区心理健康中心。然后,我们将概述当前的社区心理健康实践和不断发展的挑战,直到今天,包括发展仍然以恢复为最终目标的服务。
    Similar to trends in Europe, approaches to mental illness in colonial America and recorded in early United States history were commonly characterized by incarceration and the removal of individuals from communities. In the mid-20th century, a major shift began in which treatment was offered in the community with the aim of encouraging individuals to rejoin their communities. In this paper, we will provide a brief history of community mental health services in the United States, and the forces which have influenced its development. We will explore the early antecedents of community-based approaches to care, and then detail certain factors that led to legislative, peer and clinical efforts to create Community Mental Health Centers. We will then provide an overview of current community mental health practices and evolving challenges through to the present day, including the development of services which remain focused on recovery as the ultimate goal.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:儿童虐待(CM)包括忽视,和几种类型的虐待,包括身体,情感,和性。CM与广泛的精神疾病有关。在中年时期研究这些疾病的文献很少,这些疾病对精神卫生服务使用的影响目前尚不清楚。
    目的:研究自我报告的CM与随后住院的精神疾病之间的关系,和/或社区心理健康服务联系人。
    方法:出生队列研究数据与行政卫生数据相关,包括住院和社区精神卫生服务联系人,到40岁。
    方法:住院心理健康与社区心理健康接触者和CM亚型之间的关联(忽略,身体虐待,情感虐待和性虐待)使用多变量逻辑回归进行检查。
    结果:调整后的分析显示,CM的所有亚型与任何类型的精神疾病的入院均显着相关(p<0.05)(aOR范围为1.87-3.61),非精神病性精神障碍(AOR范围1.98-3.61),酒精和/或物质使用(AOR范围2.83-5.43),和社区精神卫生服务联系人(aOR范围2.44-3.13)。因精神病性精神障碍入院与身体虐待显着相关,情感虐待,和性虐待(AOR范围2.14-3.93)。
    结论:这项研究的结果证实了有关CM和随后的精神健康疾病的当前知识,直到40岁,并将这些知识扩展到医院和精神卫生服务的使用。
    BACKGROUND: Child maltreatment (CM) includes neglect, and several types of abuse, including physical, emotional, and sexual. CM has been associated with a wide range of mental illnesses. Literature examining these illnesses in mid-life is scarce, and the impact of these illnesses on mental health service use is currently unknown.
    OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between self-reported CM and subsequent hospital admissions for mental illnesses, and/or community mental health service contacts.
    METHODS: Birth cohort study data linked to administrative health data, including hospital admissions and community mental health service contacts, up to the age of 40.
    METHODS: Associations between hospital admissions for mental health and community mental health contacts and CM subtypes (neglect, physical abuse, emotional abuse and sexual abuse) were examined using multivariate logistic regression.
    RESULTS: Adjusted analyses showed that all subtypes of CM were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with admissions to hospital for any type of mental illness (aOR range 1.87-3.61), non-psychotic mental disorders (aOR range 1.98-3.61), alcohol and/or substance use (aOR range 2.83-5.43), and community mental health service contacts (aOR range 2.44-3.13). Hospital admissions for psychotic mental disorders were significantly associated with physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse (aOR range 2.14-3.93).
    CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study confirm the current knowledge around CM and subsequent mental health illnesses up to the age of 40, and extend this knowledge to hospital and mental health service use.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    SARS-CoV-2大流行在世界各地的医疗保健组织中造成了前所未有的急剧变化。
    评估大流行对急性精神病病房住院的影响。
    我们回顾性地确定并比较了在大流行前(n=1858)和大流行期间(n=1095)的AUSL-Modena精神病诊断和护理服务(SPDC)中的急性精神病住院情况。从01/01/2017到31/12/2022。使用STATA12对数据进行统计学分析。
    我们在大流行前收集了1858例住院治疗,在大流行中收集了1095例住院治疗。大流行期间,我们观察到自愿住院人数逐渐急剧减少,而非自愿的保持稳定,在2022年有所增加(p<0.001),住院时间更长(平均12.32天vs10.03天;p<0.001),非自愿住院时间更长(平均8.45天vs5.72天;p<0.001),更频繁的攻击行为(16.10%vs9.12%;p<0.001)和出院时转诊到精神病社区(11.04%vs6.13%;p<0.001);非意大利人(p=0.001),有残疾养老金(p<0.001)和支持管理员(p<0.001)的人住院的频率更高。
    在大流行期间,自愿住院的精神病患者减少了,但不是非自愿的,最脆弱的人在严重的临床条件下住院。
    UNASSIGNED: The Sars-CoV-2 pandemic imposed unprecedented and drastic changes in health care organizations all over the world.
    UNASSIGNED: To evaluate the impact of the pandemic on hospitalizations in an acute psychiatric ward.
    UNASSIGNED: We retrospectively identified and compared acute psychiatric hospitalizations in the Service for Psychiatric Diagnosis and Care (SPDC) of AUSL-Modena during the pre-pandemic (n = 1858) and pandemic period (n = 1095), from 01/01/2017 to 31/12/2022. Data were statistically analyzed using STATA12.
    UNASSIGNED: We collected 1858 hospitalizations in the pre-pandemic and 1095 in the pandemic. During the pandemic, we observed a progressively sharp reduction in voluntary hospitalizations, whereas involuntary ones remained stable with an increase in 2022 (p < 0.001), longer hospital stays (12.32 mean days vs 10.03; p < 0.001), longer periods of involuntary hospitalizations (8.45 mean days vs 5.72; p < 0.001), more frequent aggressive behaviour (16.10% vs 9.12%; p < 0.001) and referral to psychiatric communities at discharge (11.04% vs 6.13%; p < 0.001); non-Italians (p = 0.001), people with disability pension (p < 0.001) and Support Administrator (p < 0.001) were more frequently hospitalized.
    UNASSIGNED: During the pandemic, voluntary psychiatric hospitalizations decreased, but not involuntary ones, and the most vulnerable people in serious clinical conditions were hospitalized.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    这次回顾,观察报告描述了一个创新的质量改进过程,分阶段护理(PBC)消除了等待时间,并在社区精神卫生中心(CMHC)的情绪障碍诊所取得了积极的临床结果,而无需增加工作人员。PBC通过消除根深蒂固的文化惯例来实现这一目标,即定期按1-3个月的时间间隔安排稳定的患者。无论临床需要或医疗需要。基于四个组织转换,并使用为此过程开发的数学算法,PBC将治疗和医疗资源从常规的预约中重新分配,并将这些资源预先加载到疾病急性期的患者。为了保持康复患者的健康,使用较低频率和强度的方法。本报告描述了PBC方法的发展,重点是快速康复诊所(RRC),该诊所由182名主要诊断为情绪障碍的患者组成。创建的14个PBC诊所中最大的。在18个月的时间里,等待时间从几个月减少到不到一周,恢复率,意味着不再处于急性期,参与该计划的患者在第6周和第12周分别为63%和78%。
    This retrospective, observational report describes an innovative quality improvement process, Phase-based Care (PBC), that eliminated wait times and achieved positive clinical outcomes in a community mental health center\'s (CMHC) mood disorder clinic without adding staff. PBC accomplishes this by eliminating the ingrained cultural practice of routinely scheduling stable patients at rote intervals of 1-3 months, regardless of clinical need or medical necessity. Based on four organizational transformations and using mathematical algorithms developed for this process, PBC re-allocates therapy and medical resources away from routinely scheduled appointments and front-loads those resources to patients in an acute phase of illness. To maintain wellness for patients in recovery, lower frequency and intensity approaches are used. This report describes the development of the PBC methodology focusing on the Rapid Recovery Clinic (RRC) comprised of 182 patients with a primary diagnosis of a mood disorder, the largest of the 14 PBC clinics created. Over an 18-month period, wait times were reduced from several months to less than one week and recovery rates, meaning no longer in an acute phase, were 63% and 78% at weeks 6 and 12, respectively for patients who engaged in the program.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:研究表明,阿片类药物使用障碍摄取的药物存在差距(MOUDs;美沙酮,丁丙诺啡,和纳曲酮),尤其是在青少年中。这些差距可能部分归因于青年服务专业人员对MOUD的态度和培训。我们通过对MOUD的有效性和可接受性的态度进行描述性分析来扩展先前的研究,以及穆德训练,在青年法律系统(YLS)员工和与青年专业互动的社区心理健康中心(CMHC)人员中。
    方法:使用来自中西部八个县的参与者(n=181)的调查数据,我们检查了:(1)MOUD态度/培训的差异,按MOUD类型和(2)按受访者的人口统计,和(3)通过参与者报告的实施循证实践(EBP)的举措预测MOUD态度/培训,围绕EBP的职场文化,工作场所的压力。态度和训练是参考五种MOUD类型(美沙酮,口服丁丙诺啡,注射用丁丙诺啡,口服纳曲酮,可注射纳曲酮)在三个分量表(有效性,可接受性,培训)。
    结果:Wilcoxon符号秩检验表明,大多数结果因MOUD类型而异(30项检验中有22项存在差异)。Kruskal-Wallis测试表明,基于人口统计学的MOUD差异。对于美沙酮,CMHC提供者比YLS提供者认可更大的感知有效性,并且年龄解释了感知有效性的显着差异。对于丁丙诺啡,CHMC提供者认为口服或注射丁丙诺啡比YLS员工更有效,来自更多农村县的受访者认为口服丁丙诺啡比来自更少农村县的受访者更有效,和年龄解释了感知有效性的差异。对于纳曲酮,感知性别因性别而异。分层序数逻辑回归分析未发现个人实施EBP的主动性之间存在关联,支持EBP的职场文化,或工作场所的压力和有效性或MOUD的可接受性。然而,实施EBP的个人举措与每个MOUD的培训有关。
    结论:这些结果突出了一些关键发现:MOUD的有效性/可接受性和培训因MOUD类型而异;设置,rurality,年龄,性别,和教育解释了在MOUD的感知有效性和培训方面的群体差异;实施EBP与MOUD的培训相关。未来的研究将受益于纵向检查预测MOUD态度变化的因素。
    BACKGROUND: Research demonstrates gaps in medications for opioid use disorder uptake (MOUDs; methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone) especially among adolescents. These gaps may be partly attributable to attitudes about and training in MOUDs among youth-serving professionals. We extended prior research by conducting descriptive analyses of attitudes regarding effectiveness and acceptability of MOUDs, as well as training in MOUDs, among youth legal system (YLS) employees and community mental health center (CMHC) personnel who interface professionally with youth.
    METHODS: Using survey data from participants (n = 181) recruited from eight Midwest counties, we examined: (1) differences in MOUD attitudes/training by MOUD type and (2) by respondent demographics, and (3) prediction of MOUD attitudes/training by participant-reported initiatives to implement evidence-based practices (EBPs), workplace culture around EBPs, and workplace stress. Attitudes and training were measured in reference to five MOUD types (methadone, oral buprenorphine, injectable buprenorphine, oral naltrexone, injectable naltrexone) on three subscales (effectiveness, acceptability, training).
    RESULTS: Wilcoxon signed-rank tests demonstrated that most outcomes differed significantly by MOUD type (differences observed among 22 of 30 tests). Kruskal-Wallis tests suggested MOUD differences based on demographics. For methadone, CMHC providers endorsed greater perceived effectiveness than YLS providers and age explained significant differences in perceived effectiveness. For buprenorphine, CHMC providers viewed oral or injectable buprenorphine as more effective than YLS employees, respondents from more rural counties viewed oral buprenorphine as more effective than those from less rural counties, and age explained differences in perceived effectiveness. For naltrexone, perceived gender differed by gender. Hierarchical ordinal logistic regression analysis did not find an association between personal initiatives to implement EBPs, workplace culture supporting EBPs, or workplace stress and effectiveness or acceptability of MOUDs. However, personal initiatives to implement EBPs was associated with training in each MOUD.
    CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight a few key findings: effectiveness/acceptability of and training in MOUDs largely differ by MOUD type; setting, rurality, age, gender, and education explain group differences in perceived effectiveness of and training in MOUDs; and implementing EBPs is associated with training in MOUDs. Future research would benefit from examining what predicts change in MOUD attitudes longitudinally.
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