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The application of deep learning methods, specifically the utilization of Large Language Models (LLMs), in the field of plant biology holds significant promise for generating novel knowledge on plant cell systems. The LLM framework exhibits exceptional potential, particularly with the development of Protein Language Models (PLMs), allowing for in-depth analyses of nucleic acid and protein sequences. This analytical capacity facilitates the discernment of intricate patterns and relationships within biological data, encompassing multi-scale information within DNA or protein sequences. The contribution of PLMs extends beyond mere sequence patterns and structure--function recognition; it also supports advancements in genetic improvements for agriculture. The integration of deep learning approaches into the domain of plant sciences offers opportunities for major breakthroughs in basic research across multi-scale plant traits. Consequently, the strategic application of deep learning methodologies, particularly leveraging the potential of LLMs, will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in advancing plant sciences, plant production, plant uses and propelling the trajectory toward sustainable agroecological and agro-food transitions.

UNASSIGNED: Cartilage defects are a common pathology in active people and affect quality of life. A common treatment option is treatment with minced cartilage (MC). As conservative therapy has a limited effect, surgical treatments vary in terms of procedure and results. A modified technique for autologous cartilage repair is presented here.
UNASSIGNED: MC was modified by adding a synovial sealant. This improves the stability of the graft, allowing the cartilage to proliferate. The synovial tissue has the potential to stimulate the implanted cartilage, which promotes healing and regeneration. The clinical and functional results of the modified technique were examined in a retrospective case series.
UNASSIGNED: The technique has proven to be reproducible for retropatellar cartilage defects and is both efficient and cost effective. MC with synovial sealing was performed in ten patients with retropatellar cartilage damage. In the conducted cases serious, 10 patients were available for follow-up after 18 ± 3 months. Patients showed good clinical results in terms of pain (VAS = 1.9, KOOS Pain = 89.7), symptoms (KOOS Symptoms = 83.6), and daily activity (KOOS Activity = 96.6).
UNASSIGNED: The procedure combines the advantages of autologous cartilage repair with a one-stage surgical approach. It utilizes the regenerative potential of synovial tissue while providing improved mechanical stability. This technique offers a cost-effective, autologous solution for full-thickness cartilage defects, and shows promising clinical results in the medium term.

BACKGROUND: There is currently scarcity of information on small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the nasopharynx (SCNEC-nasopharynx). It is believed that this type of cancer is not associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and is indistinguishable from classic SCNEC occurring in other organs.
METHODS: Herein we provided 3 cases of nasopharyngeal mass in our hospital, two males and one female. On admission, these patients were considered nasopharyngeal carcinoma with lymph node metastasis, and one of them had liver metastasis. The nasopharyngeal mucosal tissues were biopsied for pathological examination including immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. PubMed database was searched for articles about SCNEC-nasopharynx published up to April 2024 in any language.
RESULTS: The 3 cases had similar histological features of SCNEC in other organs but differed in rich- tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). All of them stained for pancytokeratin (panCK) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Case 1 and Case 2 diffusely expressed insulinoma-associated protein 1(INSM-1) and synaptophysin (Syn), Case 3 strongly stained for CD56 and Syn. Immunostaining of all 3 cases for p40, p63, TTF-1, CK20, S-100 and NUT showed negative. BRG-1, INI-1 and Rb were retained. And p53 all showed wild-type expression. The Ki-67 labeling indiced of case 1, 2, and 3 were 80%, 90%, and 80%, respectively. In situ hybridization showed strong and uniform nuclear positivity of EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBER) in the neoplastic cells of 3 cases.
CONCLUSIONS: EBV-positive SCNEC-nasopharynx was exactly rare. The origin of this tumor is still controversial. It may originate from EBV-infected mucosal epithelium like nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Based on our cases and relevant literature, we found EBV-positive SCNEC-nasopharynx as a probably site-specific subtype of SCNEC with differing pathogenetic mechanism. The subtype not only virus positivity but also that it was associated with TILs and did not show p53 or Rb alterations by immunohistochemistry. It may be more responsive to treatment and have a better prognosis than classic SCNEC. We will continue to follow-up these patients and collect additional cases to further understand the unique biology of this rare solid tumor.

Neuroscience students often seem more responsive to laboratory exercises that involve human brains. Here we describe a lab that utilizes human brain MRIs to evaluate a long-standing debate over the presence of sex differences in the human brain, specifically the corpus callosum. Students at both Widener and UCLA measured corpus callosum subregions that were already marked-off as described by Witelson (1989) or by Hofer and Frahm (2006). Statistical analyses revealed sex differences using both schemes after correcting for the size of the midsagittal cortex. Widener students, however, uncovered more sex differences than the UCLA students. Lab instruction for UCLA students occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. So, lab sessions were completely online. In contrast, Widener students had the benefit of in-person lab instruction. Nonetheless, both the data obtained from the images of the corpus callosi as well as measures of pedagogical efficacy were similar between the two institutions, suggesting that distance learning may be a valuable and viable option. Further, when in person learning is not an option, such as during a pandemic, digital databases serve as invaluable resources for online learning. When these databases are utilized in a hypothesis driven research setting, they can serve as the basis for course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs), which are known to benefit students-improving retention in science fields.

Biodiversity losses along with the exponential growth of global human population and human-provoked over-exploitation of natural resources. Genetic factors played an important role in the conservation of endangered species. Conservation genetics is a cross-field disciplinary of genetics and conservation biology. The course of conservation genetics is not available in colleges and universities, and the course of genetics does not directly reflect the content of biological conservation. We have taught genetics with integrative thoughts of conservation biology. In the form of case studies, we have integrated recent advances of research and technology in the relevant fields into the genetics classroom. As a result, we improved the undergraduates\' motivation and interest in active learning, provoked the mutual promotion of \"basic knowledge of genetics, awareness of ecological protection, and cultivate interdisciplinary thinking\", and set up the groundwork for cultivating interdisciplinary talents who not only master solid basic knowledge, but also have the concept of ecological civilization.
随着全球人口数量的急剧增长和人类对自然资源的过度开发，生物多样性不断丧失。遗传因子对濒危物种的保护具有重要影响。保护遗传学是遗传学和保护生物学的交叉学科。高等院校缺乏专门开设保护遗传学课程，当前的《遗传学》课本中也没有直接体现生物保护的内容。本文作者在《遗传学》课程教学过程中尝试渗透保护生物学思想，以案例的形式，结合相关领域内最新研究成果和技术进展，将保护生物学(尤其是保护遗传学)思想和知识渗透到《遗传学》课堂教学和讨论环节中。由此，提升本科生主动学习的动力和兴趣，实现“掌握遗传学基础知识-树立生态保护意识-培养学科交叉思维”三者之间的相互促进，为培养既掌握扎实基础遗传学知识又具备生态文明理念的复合型人才奠定基础。.

Intestinal trematodes are among the most common types of parasitic worms. About 76 species belonging to 14 families have been recorded infecting humans. Infection commonly occurs when humans eat raw or undercooked foods that contain the infective metacercariae. These parasites are diverse in regard to their morphology, geographical distribution and life cycle, which make it difficult to study the parasitic diseases that they cause. Many of these intestinal trematodes have been considered as endemic parasites in the past. However, the geographical limits and the population at risk are currently expanding and changing in relation to factors such as growing international markets, improved transportation systems, new eating habits in developed countries and demographic changes. These factors make it necessary to better understand intestinal trematode infections. This chapter describes the main features of human intestinal trematodes in relation to their biology, epidemiology, host-parasite relationships, pathogenicity, clinical aspects, diagnosis, treatment and control.

The Planning and Acting Network for Low Dose Radiation Research in Japan (PLANET) was established in 2017 in response to the need for an all-Japan network of experts. It serves as an academic platform to propose strategies and facilitate collaboration to improve quantitative estimation of health risks from ionizing radiation at low-doses and low-dose-rates. PLANET established Working Group 1 (Dose-Rate Effects in Animal Experiments) to consolidate findings from animal experiments on dose-rate effects in carcinogenesis. Considering international trends in this field as well as the situation in Japan, PLANET updated its priority research areas for Japanese low-dose radiation research in 2023 to include (i) characterization of low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation risk, (ii) factors to be considered for individualization of radiation risk, (iii) biological mechanisms of low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation effects and (iv) integration of epidemiology and biology. In this context, PLANET established Working Group 2 (Dose and Dose-Rate Mapping for Radiation Risk Studies) to identify the range of doses and dose rates at which observable effects on different endpoints have been reported; Working Group 3 (Species- and Organ-Specific Dose-Rate Effects) to consider the relevance of stem cell dynamics in radiation carcinogenesis of different species and organs; and Working Group 4 (Research Mapping for Radiation-Related Carcinogenesis) to sort out relevant studies, including those on non-mutagenic effects, and to identify priority research areas. These PLANET activities will be used to improve the risk assessment and to contribute to the revision of the next main recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.

UNASSIGNED: The common bed bugs, Cimex lectularius, and tropical bed bugs, Cimex hemipterus are the primary species of public health importance in the family Cimicidae. This study aimed to determine the morphometric criteria and prevalent species of bed bugs in eastern Iran.
UNASSIGNED: Bed bugs were collected from March 2021 to June 2022 from infested residential buildings and apartments in eastern Iran, including North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, and Sistan and Baluchistan Provinces. The morphological and morphometrical characteristics were used to identify collected bed bugs at inter- and intra-specific levels.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 34 isolates comprising 127 adult bed bugs were collected from Bojnord, Mashhad, Neishabur, Taibad, Sabzevar, Kashmer, Zahedan, Saravan, Rask, Pishin and Chabahar. Of these, 33 isolates (n=124) were found to be tropical bed bugs, C. hemipterus, and one population (n=3) was identified as C. lectularius. The index pronotal width/length ratio was calculated from 2.72 to 2.94 and 1.98 to 2.47 for C. lectularius and C. hemipterus, respectively. The length/width ratio of the hind femur was 3.365 in C. hemipterus and 4.267 in C. lectularius. The ratio of length/width of the third femur (F3 l/w) between populations of C. hemipterus was different, and this difference was statistically significant (P< 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: The results of this study indicated that C. hemipterus was the dominant bed bug species in the east of Iran and provided more morphometric criteria of C. hemipterus for researchers to identify the species and determine the intraspecific variations in the present and future.