UNASSIGNED: We investigated the effect of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning (RIPC) on the inflammatory response during CPB by means of serum presepsin levels at preoperative and postoperative 1st and 24th h.
UNASSIGNED: In this prospective, randomized, cross-sectional study we included 81 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Patients were randomized and RIPC was applied to 40 patients in the study group before anesthesia. The remaining 41 patients were determined as the control group. The relationships between RIPC and factors such as presepsin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and leukocyte levels were investigated.
UNASSIGNED: There was no significant difference between the groups in postoperative leukocyte and CRP values (p = 0.52, p = 0.13, respectively). When the preoperative and postoperative first hour presepsin values of the patients were compared, no significant difference was found in the control group (p = 0.17), but a significant difference was found in the study group (p < 0.05). When the presepsin values were compared between the groups, a significant difference was found only in the postoperative first hour value (p < 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: It was observed that RIPC application caused to increase the presepsin levels in the postoperative first hour significantly in the study group (p < 0.05).

Despite the rapid development of mobile health based on wearable devices in recent years, lack of access to biochemical detection remains a vital challenge for most commercial wearable devices, which hinders the provision of effective electronic health records (EHRs) for disease control strategies, and further constraining the development of personalized precision medicine. Herein, we propose a strategy to graft biochemical detection function onto commercial bracelet. Different from the conventional development process of designing a completely new wearable biochemical device, we prefer to upgrade existing commercial wearable device to achieve simpler, faster, and more effective research and commercialization processes. An affordable and user-friendly biochemical button module has been designed that enables to integrate sensitive, specific, and rapid biochemical detection function into the idle space on the strap of the bracelet without increasing the size of the main body. This \"Smart Bracelet Plus\" shows the ability to simultaneously monitor physical and biochemical signals, and will serve as a reliable and systematic personal diagnostics and monitoring platform for providing real-time EHRs for disease control strategies and improving the efficiency of the healthcare system.

Optical biosensors are frontrunners for the rapid and real-time detection of analytes, particularly for low concentrations. Among them, whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators have recently attracted a growing focus due to their robust optomechanical features and high sensitivity, measuring down to single binding events in small volumes. In this review, we provide a broad overview of WGM sensors along with critical advice and additional \"tips and tricks\" to make them more accessible to both biochemical and optical communities. Their structures, fabrication methods, materials, and surface functionalization chemistries are discussed. We propose this reflection under a pedagogical approach to describe and explain these biochemical sensors with a particular focus on the most recent achievements in the field. In addition to highlighting the advantages of WGM sensors, we also discuss and suggest strategies to overcome their current limitations, leaving room for further development as practical tools in various applications. We aim to provide new insights and combine different knowledge and perspectives to advance the development of the next generation of WGM biosensors. With their unique advantages and compatibility with different sensing modalities, these biosensors have the potential to become major game changers for biomedical and environmental monitoring, among many other relevant target applications.

Graphene remains of great interest in biomedical applications because of biocompatibility. Diseases relating to human senses interfere with life satisfaction and happiness. Therefore, the restoration by artificial organs or sensory devices may bring a bright future by the recovery of senses in patients. In this review, we update the most recent progress in graphene based sensors for mimicking human senses such as artificial retina for image sensors, artificial eardrums, gas sensors, chemical sensors, and tactile sensors. The brain-like processors are discussed based on conventional transistors as well as memristor related neuromorphic computing. The brain-machine interface is introduced for providing a single pathway. Besides, the artificial muscles based on graphene are summarized in the means of actuators in order to react to the physical world. Future opportunities remain for elevating the performances of human-like sensors and their clinical applications.

Sweat is an important biofluid presents in the body since it regulates the internal body temperature, and it is relatively easy to access on the skin unlike other biofluids and contains several biomarkers that are also present in the blood. Although sweat sensing devices have recently displayed tremendous progress, most of the emerging devices primarily focus on the sensor development, integration with electronics, wearability, and data from in vitro studies and short-term on-body trials during exercise. To further the advances in sweat sensing technology, this review aims to present a comprehensive report on the approaches to access and manage sweat from the skin toward improved sweat collection and sensing. It is begun by delineating the sweat secretion mechanism through the skin, and the historical perspective of sweat, followed by a detailed discussion on the mechanisms governing sweat generation and management on the skin. It is concluded by presenting the advanced applications of sweat sensing, supported by a discussion of robust, extended-operation epidermal wearable devices aiming to strengthen personalized healthcare monitoring systems.

Nano biochemical sensors play an important role in detecting the biomarkers related to human diseases, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become an important factor in promoting the vigorous development of this field due to their special structure and excellent electronic properties. This paper focuses on applying carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNT-FET) biochemical sensors to detect biomarkers. Firstly, the preparation method, physical and electronic properties and functional modification of CNTs are introduced. Then, the configuration and sensing mechanism of CNT-FETs are introduced. Finally, the latest progress in detecting nucleic acids, proteins, cells, gases and ions based on CNT-FET sensors is summarized.

Numerous developments in the field of digital medicine have helped to improve the treatment and management of diseases. Smart skin is one promising technology. Through sensors that are attached to the skin, a wide variety of physiological parameters can be measured, e.g., concentration of hormones, presence of inflammation markers, or the glucose level. As this technology can be applied to different parts of the body, information about various organ systems can be obtained. In the case of diabetes, research is already very advanced due to its endemic relevance and the need for long-term treatment. For example, invasive blood measurement can be replaced by implantable tattoos which react to a change in the glucose level by changing its color. In the context of type 1 diabetes, a closed-loop control circuit can be created with so-called microneedling, which results in independent insulin delivery when blood glucose levels are too high. Moreover, there are also smart skin innovations for the management of chronic wounds. With the continuous measurement of physiological indicators such as pH, temperature, or bacterial milieu, the condition of the wound can be observed. The basic principles of the smart skin technology can be transferred into many areas in the field of dermatological care and, therefore, also represent a relevant aspect for dermatologists in the care of their patients. Continuous developments in the field of smart skin technologies show high potential for further research in a wide range of specialties with the aim to facilitate everyday clinical life for patients and physicians.
UNASSIGNED: Zahlreiche Entwicklungen im Bereich der digitalen Medizin öffnen Türen für die Wissenschaft und den alltäglichen Gebrauch. Smart Skin ist eine dieser vielversprechenden Technologien. Es handelt sich hierbei um Sensoren, die auf der Haut angebracht werden und verschiedenste physiologische Parameter erheben können. Gemessen werden können beispielsweise Hormone, Entzündungswerte oder die Glukosekonzentration. Entscheidend ist dabei, dass prinzipiell der gesamte Körper zur Verfügung steht und ein großes Spektrum an Organsystemen abgedeckt werden kann. Beim Krankheitsbild Diabetes als alltäglichem Anwendungsbeispiel dieses Beitrags ist die Forschung schon sehr fortgeschritten. Die Grundprinzipien der Technologie lassen sich letztendlich auf viele Bereiche im Feld der dermatologischen Versorgung übertragen und tragen deshalb auch für Hautärzt:innen zu einem relevanten Aspekt in der Versorgung ihrer Patient:innen bei. Implantierbare Tattoos sind bereits in der Lage, den Blutzucker zu messen und inflammatorische Biomarker können bei entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen erhoben werden. Im Rahmen des Therapiemanagements der chronischen Wunden kann mit Messung des pH-Werts, der Temperatur oder des bakteriellen Milieus der Zustand der Wunde kontrolliert werden. Die Grundprinzipien der Smart Skin-Technik und der beschriebenen Innovationen lassen sich letztendlich auf viele Bereiche im Feld der dermatologischen Versorgung übertragen und tragen deshalb auch für Hautärztinnen und Hautärzte zu einem relevanten Aspekt in der Versorgung ihrer Patient:innen bei. Auch wenn die Entwicklungen im Bereich Smart Skin noch in den Kinderschuhen stecken, so zeigen sie bereits jetzt viel Potenzial in verschiedensten Bereichen, die sowohl den Patient:innen als auch Ärzt:innen den klinischen Alltag deutlich erleichtern können.

Early and reliable detection of an infectious viral disease is critical to accurately monitor outbreaks and to provide individuals and health care professionals the opportunity to treat patients at the early stages of a disease. The accuracy of such information is essential to define appropriate actions to protect the population and to reduce the likelihood of a possible pandemic. Here, we show the fabrication of freestanding laser-induced graphene (FLIG) flakes that are highly sensitive sensors for high-fidelity viral detection. As a case study, we show the detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. FLIG flakes are nonembedded porous graphene foams ca. 30 μm thick that are generated using laser irradiation of polyimide and can be fabricated in seconds at a low cost. Larger pieces of FLIG were cut forming a cantilever, used as suspended resonators, and characterized for their electromechanics behavior. Thermomechanical analysis showed FLIG stiffness comparable to other porous materials such as boron nitride foam, and electrostatic excitation showed amplification of the vibrations at frequencies in the range of several kilo-hertz. We developed a protocol for aqueous biological sensing by characterizing the wetting dynamic response of the sensor in buffer solution and in water, and devices functionalized with COVID-19 antibodies specifically detected SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding, while not detecting other viruses such as MS2. The FLIG sensors showed a clear mass-dependent frequency response shift of ∼1 Hz/pg, and low nanomolar concentrations could be detected. Ultimately, the sensors demonstrated an outstanding limit of detection of 2.63 pg, which is equivalent to as few as ∼5000 SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Thus, the FLIG platform technology can be utilized to develop portable and highly accurate sensors, including biological applications where the fast and reliable protein or infectious particle detection is critical.

The digestion of pathogens inside phagosomes by immune cells occurs through a sequence of reactions including acidification and proteolysis, but how the reactions are orchestrated in the right order is unclear due to a lack of methods to simultaneously measure more than one reaction in phagosomes. Here we report a bifunctional Janus-particle probe to simultaneously monitor acidification and proteolysis in single phagosomes in live cells. Each probe consists of a pH reporter and a proteolysis reporter that are spatially separated but function concurrently. Using the Janus probes, we found the acidic pH needed to initiate and maintain proteolysis, revealing the mechanism for the sequential occurrence of both reactions during pathogen digestion. We showed how bacterium-derived lipopolysaccharides alter the acidification and proteolysis in phagosomes. This study showcases Janus-particle probes as a generally applicable tool for monitoring multiple reactions in intracellular vesicles.

In a specific biosensing application, a nanoplasmonic sensor chip has been tested by an experimental setup based on an aluminum holder and two plastic optical fibers used to illuminate and collect the transmitted light. The studied plasmonic probe is based on gold nanograting, realized on the top of a Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) chip. The PMMA substrate could be considered as a transparent substrate and, in such a way, it has been already used in previous work. Alternatively, here it is regarded as a slab waveguide. In particular, we have deposited upon the slab surface, covered with a nanograting, a synthetic receptor specific for bovine serum albumin (BSA), to test the proposed biosensing approach. Exploiting this different experimental configuration, we have determined how the orientation of the nanostripes forming the grating pattern, with respect to the direction of the input light (longitudinal or orthogonal), influences the biosensing performances. For example, the best limit of detection (LOD) in the BSA detection that has been obtained is equal to 23 pM. Specifically, the longitudinal configuration is characterized by two observable plasmonic phenomena, each sensitive to a different BSA concentration range, ranging from pM to µM. This aspect plays a key role in several biochemical sensing applications, where a wide working range is required.