BACKGROUND: The volumes of the hippocampal subfields are related to poststroke cognitive dysfunctions. However, it remains unclear whether contralesional hippocampal subfield volume contributes to cognitive impairment. This study aimed to investigate the volumetric differences in the contralesional hippocampal subfields between patients with left and right hemisphere strokes (LHS/RHS). Additionally, correlations between contralesional hippocampal subfield volumes and clinical outcomes were explored.
METHODS: Fourteen LHS (13 males, 52.57 ± 7.10 years), 13 RHS (11 males, 51.23 ± 15.23 years), and 18 healthy controls (11 males, 46.94 ± 12.74 years) were enrolled. Contralesional global and regional hippocampal volumes were obtained with T1-weighted images. Correlations between contralesional hippocampal subfield volumes and clinical outcomes, including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), were analyzed. Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons.
RESULTS: Significant reductions were found in contralesional hippocampal as a whole (adjusted p = .011) and its subfield volumes, including the hippocampal tail (adjusted p = .005), cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) (adjusted p = .002), molecular layer (ML) (adjusted p = .004), granule cell and ML of the dentate gyrus (GC-ML-DG) (adjusted p = .015), CA3 (adjusted p = .009), and CA4 (adjusted p = .014) in the RHS group compared to the LHS group. MoCA and MMSE had positive correlations with volumes of contralesional hippocampal tail (p = .015, r = .771; p = .017, r = .763) and fimbria (p = .020, r = .750; p = .019, r = .753) in the LHS group, and CA3 (p = .007, r = .857; p = .009, r = .838) in the RHS group, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral stroke caused volumetric differences in different hippocampal subfields contralesionally, which correlated to cognitive impairment. RHS leads to greater volumetric reduction in the whole contralesional hippocampus and specific subfields (hippocampal tail, CA1, ML, GC-ML-DG, CA3, and CA4) compared to LHS. These changes are correlated with cognitive impairments, potentially due to disrupted neural pathways and interhemispheric communication.

BACKGROUND: Changes in the fatty infiltration and/or muscle volume of neck muscles can alter cervical spine alignment and cranial load distribution, which may cause pain in the orofacial region.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine the muscle volume and fatty infiltration of neck muscles in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD).
METHODS: This case-control study included 18 patients with TMD and 18 ageand sex-matched controls. The muscle volume and fatty infiltration of the neck muscles of the participants were measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ITK-SNAP software. The 3D models of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM), splenius capitis (SPLC), semispinalis cervicis (SC)-semispinalis capitis (SCP), and multifidus (M) muscles within the C3-C7 range were created using ITK-SNAP, a semi-automatic segmentation software. The models were used to determine the volumes and fatty infiltration levels. The Neck Disability Index (NDI) was used to assess neck pain-related disability. The severity of TMD was determined using the Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI), while jaw-related disability was measured with the Jaw Functional Limitation Scale-20 (JFLS-20). Pain levels were recorded at rest and during chewing using the numeric rating scale (NRS).
RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in total muscle volume, fatty infiltration volume and fatty infiltration percentage of the SCM, SPLC, SCP, SC, and M muscles between the 2 groups (p > 0.05). The patient group had higher NDI scores compared to the controls (p < 0.001). The NDI scores correlated positively with the JFLS-20 (r = 0.831, p < 0.001), FAI (r = 0.815, p < 0.001) and NRS scores at rest (r = 0.753, p < 0.001) and during chewing (r = 0.686, p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: The present study did not identify any significant differences in the neck muscle volume or fatty infiltration between the TMD patients and controls. However, the severity of neck disability was found to correlate with jaw function, pain and TMD levels.

UNASSIGNED: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and caudate nucleus volume alterations have been linked to Alzheimer\'s disease (AD), but their relationship remains unclear under the context of subjective cognitive decline (SCD).
UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between EDS and caudate nucleus volume in patients with SCD.
UNASSIGNED: The volume of entire brain was measured in 170 patients with SCD, including 37 patients with EDS and 133 non-EDS, from the Sino Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Decline (SILCODE). Participants underwent a comprehensive assessment battery, including neuropsychological and clinical evaluations, blood tests, genetic analysis for APOE ɛ4, and structural MRI scans analyzed using the fully automated segmentation tool, volBrain.
UNASSIGNED: Patients with EDS had significantly increased volume in the total and left caudate nucleus compared to non-EDS. The most significant cognitive behavioral factor associated with caudate nucleus volume in the EDS was the Auditory Verbal Learning Test-recognition.
UNASSIGNED: These findings suggest that EDS may be associated with alterations in caudate nucleus volume, particularly in the left hemisphere, in the context of SCD. Further research is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms of this relationship and its implications for clinical management.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim in the study is to measure the area and volume of the tarsal bones and examine the typing of the talus and calcaneus joint surfaces according to sex.
METHODS: In our study, the area and volume measurements of 630 tarsal bones and the morphology of the talus/calcaneus were analyzed by transferring thin-section Computed Tomography (CT) images to the 3D Slicer program.
RESULTS: The volume and area sizes of the foot bones are calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, medial cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, and intermediate cuneiform, respectively. All area and volume values of males were statistically higher than females (p < 0.05). The right side calcaneus area, intermediate cuneiform area, and lateral cuneiform area values were statistically higher than the left side (p < 0.045, p < 0.044, p < 0.030, respectively). There was no statistical relationship between age and area/volume values (p > 0.05). Three different types were seen in the calcaneus and seven in the talus. The most common type in the calcaneus was B1 (40%), and the least common type was A (27.8%). Regardless of the subgroups, the most common type in the talus was type B (37.8%), while the least common type was E2 (1.1%).
CONCLUSIONS: Although morphometric measurements of tarsal bones differed according to sex, they did not differ according to age. The frequency of occurrence of the types of articular surfaces of the talus and calcaneus varies according to populations. We think that the morphometry and morphology of tarsal bones will contribute to invasive procedures regarding tarsal bones and surrounding structures, and that three-dimensional bone modeling can be used to create educational materials.

BACKGROUND: Unruptured intracranial aneurysms pose a significant clinical and decision-making dilemma. Increase in dome size is one of the crucial indications for treatment. Almost no data exists as to how aneurysms change in size over time.
METHODS: 102 patients (76 women) who had a total of 501 CT examinations were included in the study. Inclusion criteria were: at least three CT angiography studies, an observation period of at least three years, or bleeding during the follow-up period. In each study, the volume of each aneurysm was measured at least four times by two experienced neuroradiologists with the use of dedicated tools. Collected data was used to obtain numerical volume change models for each aneurysm.
RESULTS: 149 aneurysms were analysed in the study (118 in women) No significant differences in location, size or age of observation were detected between men and women. Median follow-up was 5.64 years (IQR 4.17-7.71) and total aneurysm observation time amounted to 964.59 years. There were 57 branching zone aneurysms (women 46), 44 sidewall aneurysms (women 36), 20 anterior communicating artery aneurysms (women 16), 20 posterior communicating artery aneurysms (women 13), and eight posterior circulation aneurysms (women 7). 78 (52%) aneurysms remained stable (women 59), 24 (16.6%) increased their volume (women 20), and five (3.4%) decreased (women 4). In 42 (28%) cases, we observed non-uniform routes of volume changes over surveillance (women 35). In the last group, analysing the whole period of follow-up, 29 (69%) did not change volume (women 24), 11 (26%) grew (women 10), and two decreased in size (4.8%, women 1). Bifurcation zone aneurysms, lower aspect ratio, lower patient age, and higher initial volume were associated with an increased risk of aneurysm growth. Posterior circulation aneurysms presented the lowest rate of volume increase.
CONCLUSIONS: A substantial amount of followed up aneurysms could change volume in a non-uniform way, and an increase in volume may not lead to aneurysm rupture.

OBJECTIVE: Cranial Nerve Neuropathies (CNNs) often accompany Cavernous Sinus Meningioma (CSM), for which Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) or fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSR) are established treatments. This study assesses CNNs recovery in CSM patients treated with LINAC, offering insight into treatment effectiveness.
METHODS: This study was conducted on 128 patients with CSM treated with LINAC-based SRS/FSR between 2005 and 2020 at a single institution. 46 patients presented with CNNs. The study analyzed patients\' demographics, clinical parameters, SRS/FSR treatment characteristics, post-treatment CNNs recovery duration, status, and radiological control on their last follow-up.
RESULTS: The median follow-up duration was 53.4 months. Patients were treated with SRS (n = 25) or FSR (n = 21). The mean pretreatment tumor volume was 9.5 cc decreasing to a mean end-of-follow-up tumor volume was 5.1 cc. Radiological tumor control was achieved in all cases. CNN recovery was observed in 80.4% of patients, with specific nerve recoveries documented as follows: extra-ocular nerves (43.2%), trigeminal nerve (32.4%), and optic nerve (10.8%). A higher CNNs recovery rate was associated with a smaller pre-treatment tumor volume (p < 0.001), and the median time-to-improvement was 3.7 months. Patients with tumor volumes exceeding 6.8 cc and those treated with FSR exhibited prolonged time-to-improvement (P < 0.03 and P < 0.04 respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that SRS/FSR for CSM provides good and sustainable CNNs recovery outcomes with excellent long-term radiological control. A higher CNNs recovery rate was associated with a smaller pre-treatment tumor volume. while shorter time-to-improvement was identified in patients treated with SRS compared to FSR, particularly in those with small pre-treatment tumor volume.

UNASSIGNED: Distal radius fractures account for nearly 25% of fractures in adults, with a trend toward operative fixation. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between surgeon and hospital volume with complications following distal radius fixation.
UNASSIGNED: A retrospective study was performed using the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database from 2009 to 2015. Outpatient claims were identified for distal radius fractures and surgery. The facility and surgeon\'s identifier were used to calculate annual procedure volume. The risk for infection, carpal tunnel surgery, and revision/hardware removal was analyzed, and Social Deprivation Index (SDI) was linked to each patient. Patient demographics and rate of complications were compared across hospital and physician volume.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 14 748 patients were included, finding Federal and self-pay insurance associated with low-volume (LV) facility care and private insurance with high-volume (HV) facilities. The SDI for patients treated by LV surgeons and hospitals was significantly higher compared with HV providers. Low-volume facilities and surgeons had a higher 3-month risk of infection requiring reoperation. High-volume facilities were less likely to treat Hispanic patients, those with comorbidities, higher SDI, and with Federal or self-pay insurance.
UNASSIGNED: Patients treated by LV surgeons and facilities had a higher risk of infection requiring surgery within 3 months than those treated by HV providers. Low-volume facilities were more likely to treat patients who were Hispanic, Federally insured, and with comorbidities and higher SDI than HV facilities, increasing their risk for disadvantaged care.
UNASSIGNED: Level III.

UNASSIGNED: Physical activity (PA) is an important component of secondary prevention after myocardial infarction (MI). The mortality risk of MI survivors varies at different post-MI periods, yet the time-varying effect of total PA is unclear. We aimed to investigate the association between different volumes and patterns of total PA and mortality at different post-MI periods.
UNASSIGNED: Using data from the China Patient-centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events Million Persons Project, we divided the screened MI survivors into within-1-year and beyond-1-year groups based on the duration between their baseline interview and MI onset. Total PA was divided into insufficient ( < 3000 metabolic equivalent of task [MET] minutes/week) and sufficient PA. Sufficient PA was further categorized as moderate and high (3000-4500 and > 4500 MET minutes/week) volumes; leisure ( ≥ 50%) and non-leisure ( > 50%) patterns. Data on mortality were derived from the National Mortality Surveillance System and Vital Registration of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Cox proportional hazard models were fitted to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Restricted cubic spline regression analyses were performed to examine the dose-response association between PA and mortality.
UNASSIGNED: During the follow-up (median 3.7 years) of the 20,653 post-MI patients, 751 patients died. In the within-1-year group, moderate (HR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.88) and high (0.63, 0.45 to 0.88) volumes and both patterns (leisure: 0.52, 0.29 to 0.94; non-leisure: 0.64, 0.46 to 0.88) of PA were all associated with significantly lower risk of mortality, compared with insufficient PA. In the beyond-1-year group, the association was observed in high volume (0.69, 0.56 to 0.86) and both patterns (leisure: 0.64, 0.48 to 0.87; non-leisure: 0.79, 0.65 to 0.97). A non-linear relationship between PA and mortality was found in the within-1-year group (p for non-linearity < 0.001), while a linear relationship was demonstrated in the beyond-1-year group (p for non-linearity = 0.107).
UNASSIGNED: Sufficient total PA was associated with mortality risk reduction after MI, either leisure or non-leisure pattern. Different dose-response associations between PA and mortality were found at different post-MI periods. These results could promote individualized and scientifically derived secondary prevention strategies for MI.

UNASSIGNED: The left ventricle (LV) not only contracts, but its rotational mechanics have a significant role in systolic ejection, whereas the right ventricle (RV) is substantially different in shape and function, and its contractility is not accompanied by rotational features. Simple M-mode echocardiography-based tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) reflects RV longitudinal contraction or shortening. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between the parameters characterizing the rotational mechanics of the LV as assessed by three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (3DSTE) and the TAPSE. The effects of different degrees of these parameters on each other were also examined.
UNASSIGNED: The present retrospective analysis evaluated the results of 80 healthy adult individuals with an average age of 28.1 ± 6.3 years (33 males) with LV rotational mechanics being directed normally. All cases have undergone complete two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography with the measurement of TAPSE and 3DSTE.
UNASSIGNED: None of the LV volumes and rotational parameters showed any differences in healthy cases with TAPSE 18-21 mm vs. TAPSE > 22 mm. Similarly, right atrial (RA) volumetric parameters did not differ either. TAPSE showed no associations with the degree of basal LV rotation. RA volumes were slightly increased with higher basal LV rotation. Similar to basal LV rotation, TAPSE did not change with the degree of apical LV rotation and a tendentious increase of RA volumes could be demonstrated with increasing apical LV rotation. No correlation could be demonstrated between apical and basal LV rotations and TAPSE.
UNASSIGNED: 3DSTE-derived LV rotational parameters and TAPSE are not associated suggesting that LV twist is independent of RV longitudinal shortening in healthy circumstances.

UNASSIGNED: Recent studies have shown that epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is an independent atrial fibrillation (AF) prognostic marker and has influence on the myocardial function. In computed tomography (CT), EAT volume (EATv) and density (EATd) are parameters that are often used to quantify EAT. While increased EATv has been found to correlate with the prevalence and the recurrence of AF after ablation therapy, higher EATd correlates with inflammation due to arrest of lipid maturation and with high risk of plaque presence and plaque progression. Automation of the quantification task diminishes the variability in readings introduced by different observers in manual quantification and results in high reproducibility of studies and less time-consuming analysis. Our objective is to develop a fully automated quantification of EATv and EATd using a deep learning (DL) framework.
UNASSIGNED: We proposed a framework that consists of image classification and segmentation DL models and performs the task of selecting images with EAT from all the CT images acquired for a patient, and the task of segmenting the EAT from the output images of the preceding task. EATv and EATd are estimated using the segmentation masks to define the region of interest. For our experiments, a 300-patient dataset was divided into two subsets, each consisting of 150 patients: Dataset 1 (41,979 CT slices) for training the DL models, and Dataset 2 (36,428 CT slices) for evaluating the quantification of EATv and EATd.
UNASSIGNED: The classification model achieved accuracies of 98% for precision, recall and F 1 scores, and the segmentation model achieved accuracies in terms of mean ( ± std.) and median dice similarity coefficient scores of 0.844 ( ± 0.19) and 0.84, respectively. Using the evaluation set (Dataset 2), our approach resulted in a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.971 ( R 2 = 0.943) between the label and predicted EATv, and the correlation coefficient of 0.972 ( R 2 = 0.945) between the label and predicted EATd.
UNASSIGNED: We proposed a framework that provides a fast and robust strategy for accurate EAT segmentation, and volume (EATv) and attenuation (EATd) quantification tasks. The framework will be useful to clinicians and other practitioners for carrying out reproducible EAT quantification at patient level or for large cohorts and high-throughput projects.