Pediatric hemangiomas are benign vascular malformations or angiodysplasias characterized by the proliferation of endothelial cells in blood vessels. Their incidence is 4%-10% in children under 1 year of age, and they most frequently occur on the head and neck [1, 2]. In addition to causing facial deformities, facial hemangiomas can lead to both functional and aesthetic issues, often resulting in significant complications. These complications negatively impact the quality of life for patients and can also affect the psychological well-being and self-esteem of their families [3]. With the expected global smartphone penetration reaching 70% [4], this case report explores the use of smartphones integrated with thermographic cameras to monitor the involution of hemangiomas during sclerosing treatment. This approach represents a promising advancement in managing and assessing hemangioma treatment through accessible, real-time monitoring technology.

Hemangiomas are benign vascular tumours of the head and neck. Lobular capillary hemangioma (LCH) is a common, acquired proliferative reaction in vascular tissue. It has female predilection, and peak incidence occurs in adolescents and young adults. Histopathologically, it is characterised by nodular proliferation of capillary-sized vessels lined by endothelial cells with plump nuclei. The capillary lumen shows the presence of numerous erythrocytes. To distinguish this lesion from other vascular lesions, a precise diagnosis is required. The majority of oral hemangiomas will regress without any treatment. If these tumours continue into adulthood, it may lead to difficulty in speech and swallowing. This case report presents an atypical manifestation of LCH of the buccal mucosa in a 51-year-old male patient.

BACKGROUND: Retroperitoneal infantile hemangioma (RIH), a type of primary retroperitoneal tumors, are exceptionally rare in clinical practice. Infantile hemangiomas typically manifest on the skin\'s surface. RIHs are exceptionally rare and typically small. In adults, these tumors often manifest without specific clinical symptoms or detectable signs for a definitive diagnosis. This case report details a patient diagnosed with RIH. We recommend complete excision of the tumor after a comprehensive evaluation, followed by postoperative pathology, to achieve a conclusive diagnosis. We believe that managing critical retroperitoneal structures and vessels intraoperatively presents a significant challenge for all procedures involving primary retroperitoneal tumors. A 47-year-old male was diagnosed with gallstones and underwent surgery 3 months ago at other institution for unexplained nausea and vomiting. Follow-up imaging 2 months after surgery revealed a retroperitoneal mass below the left renal pole. Upon presentation to our hospital, the patient continued to experience intermittent nausea and vomiting, with no other significant symptoms or signs. Considering the patient\'s 8-year history of hypertension, a paraganglioma was initially suspected. We performed the laparoscopic mass resection after a detailed assessment. However, postoperative pathology revealed it a capillary hemangioma (old term)/infantile hemangioma.
CONCLUSIONS: RIHs are exceedingly rare benign tumor. The possibility of malignancy should be ruled out, and surgical resection is recommended following a thorough evaluation, with the diagnosis confirmed through pathological examination.

Benign vascular neoplasms, or hemangiomas, can develop anywhere in the body.As they are usually asymptomatic, they are discovered incidentally while evaluating other coexisting diseases or conditions. We herein report two cases of capillary hemangioma at two extremely rare sites. A woman in her early 30s with a history of nine months of amenorrhea came for safe confinement and underwent an elective lower segment cesarean section (LSCS) with bilateral concurrent tubectomy. Another case involved a man in his 40s who presented with bleeding per rectum for three months. Per rectal examination, two purplish red masses were noted at the 3 and 11 o\'clock positions, which were noncompressible and did not bleed on touch. Subsequently, a hemorrhoidectomy was performed. A well-defined vascular lesion in the fallopian tube and hemorrhoidal tissue were seen during the histopathological examination, which was compatible with a capillary hemangioma. The vascular endothelium was emphasized by immunostaining with CD34.Due to the potential for these lesions to manifest as surgical emergencies, it is imperative for surgeons to recognize and appropriately manage such presentations.

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A rare and locally aggressive vascular tumor, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) mostly affects male teenagers. This paper describes a 14-year-old male patient who presented with lethargy and recurrent nasal bleeding, which are symptoms of JNA. CT and MRI scans confirmed a vascular mass with a significant local invasion originating from the sphenopalatine foramen. After a CT angiography, which revealed the tumor\'s large blood supply and helped with efficient excision, a focused surgical strategy was designed. Histopathology verified the benign nature of the tumor, and the operation was successful and the patient had a smooth recovery. This case adds to the little literature on JNA. It highlights the need for healthcare professionals to be aware of the requirement of early identification and careful presurgical preparation in managing the illness.

This narrative review aims to summarise the classification of vascular anomalies, their clinical presentation, and their radiological features to propose a diagnostic algorithm to approach patients with suspected soft tissue vascular anomalies of the extremities. The management of vascular anomalies necessitates a multidisciplinary approach. Clinical presentation and physical examination are sufficient in most cases to achieve a correct diagnosis. This is especially true for small congenital lesions of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Imaging is used for accurate characterization of these lesions, especially in cases of atypical or vague clinical presentation, and to assess extension in cases of lesions that are larger and localized in deeper tissues.

Infantile hemangiomas are commonly encountered at all levels of medical practice. Clinicians should be aware of their typical clinical history and findings in order to expedite early diagnosis and management. It is also necessary to be aware of differential diagnoses that may mimic infantile hemangiomas but have a more concerning prognosis. The objective of this report is to describe the clinical case of one such mimic, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. This report highlights key clinical findings of infantile hemangiomas, while also identifying \"red flags\" that necessitate urgent additional investigations and referral to a multidisciplinary team. Additionally, key features in the management of both infantile hemangiomas and extremity masses are discussed.

Nanotechnology has demonstrated immense potential in various fields, especially in biomedical field. Among these domains, the development of nanotechnology for diagnosing and treating vascular anomalies has garnered significant attention. Vascular anomalies refer to structural and functional anomalies within the vascular system, which can result in conditions such as vascular malformations and tumors. These anomalies can significantly impact the quality of life of patients and pose significant health concerns. Nanoscale contrast agents have been developed for targeted imaging of blood vessels, enabling more precise identification and characterization of vascular anomalies. These contrast agents can be designed to bind specifically to abnormal blood vessels, providing healthcare professionals with a clearer view of the affected areas. More importantly, nanotechnology also offers promising solutions for targeted therapeutic interventions. Nanoparticles can be engineered to deliver drugs directly to the site of vascular anomalies, maximizing therapeutic effects while minimizing side effects on healthy tissues. Meanwhile, by incorporating functional components into nanoparticles, such as photosensitizers, nanotechnology enables innovative treatment modalities such as photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy. This review focuses on the applications and potential of nanotechnology in the imaging and therapy of vascular anomalies, as well as discusses the present challenges and future directions.

BACKGROUND: Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a rare malignancy of vascular origin which can be primarily be seen in various tissues. EHE originating from the pleura is an even more uncommon subtype which may mimic mesothelioma and pleural carcinomatosis. The prognosis of pleural EHE is poor and there is no consensus on the optimal therapeutic approach.
METHODS: A 39-year-old middle-eastern female presented with progressive dyspnea and left shoulder discomfort. Chest computed tomography scan revealed a left side pleural effusion and pleural thickening. Pleuroscopy was done and biopsies were taken which were positive for CD31, CD34, CK, factor 8-R-antigen, and vimentin. Patient was diagnosed with pleural epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (PEHE) and chemotherapy was started and underwent extrapleural pneumonectomy 7 months later. Unfortunately, the patient passed away 10 months after diagnosis due to disease complications.
CONCLUSIONS: Once PEHE is suspected in histology it can be confirmed with immunohistochemistry. Chemotherapy, surgery or a combination of both is currently used as the treatment but the standard treatment remains a question.