UNASSIGNED: Police activity exposes the workers to several conditions that can cause physical and mental health problems, leading to sickness absenteeism.
UNASSIGNED: To describe the reasons for sickness absenteeism in Federal Highway Patrol Officers in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
UNASSIGNED: We used secondary data from official records of sickness absenteeism of Federal Highway Patrol Officers in Rio Grande do Sul. Sickness absenteeism was classified according to the International Classification of Diseases - 10th Revision. The variables analyzed were: reasons for sickness absenteeism, by code and category of the International Classification of Diseases - 10th Revision, and days absent from work by International Classification of Diseases - 10th Revision code. Descriptive data were reported using frequency distribution and measures of central tendency and dispersion. We used the Kruskal-Wallis test to compare the days absent from work between the International Classification of Diseases - 10th Revision codes.
UNASSIGNED: The most common reason for sickness absenteeism was diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (24.6%). Mental and behavioral disorders were associated with the highest number of days absent from work (32.6 ± 19.9 days). Within the most prevalent disease groups, depressive disorders (30%), fractures (30%), and low back pain (15.9%) were the disease categories with the highest frequencies.
UNASSIGNED: Sickness absenteeism among Federal Highway Patrol Officers is predominantly related to diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, and prolonged sick leave is due mainly to mental and behavioral disorders. Therefore, this police organization needs to promote and implement prevention programs to manage the main morbidities.
UNASSIGNED: A atividade policial expõe seus trabalhadores a diversas condições que podem ocasionar problemas de saúde tanto físicos quanto mentais e consequente absenteísmo do profissional.
UNASSIGNED: Descrever os motivos de absenteísmo-doença em agentes da Polícia Rodoviária Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.
UNASSIGNED: Utilizamos dados secundários de registros oficiais de absenteísmo do trabalho de agentes da Polícia Rodoviária Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Os absenteísmos-doença foram classificados conforme a Classificação Internacional de Doenças - 10ª Revisão. As variáveis analisadas foram: motivos de absenteísmo-doença, por grupo e categoria da Classificação Internacional de Doenças - 10ª Revisão e dias de afastamento por grupo da Classificação Internacional de Doenças - 10ª Revisão. Dados descritivos foram reportados através de distribuição de frequências e de tendência central e dispersão. Utilizamos o teste de Kruskall-Wallis para comparação dos dias de afastamento entre os grupos de Classificação Internacional de Doenças - 10ª Revisão.
UNASSIGNED: A maior prevalência de afastamentos foi por doenças do sistema osteomuscular e do tecido conjuntivo (24,6%). O grupo de doenças dos transtornos mentais e de comportamento foi o que apresentou maior número de dias de afastamento (32,6 ± 19,9 dias). Entre os grupos mais prevalentes, transtornos depressivos (30%), fraturas (30%) e dor lombar (15,9%) foram as categorias de doença que apresentaram maiores frequências.
UNASSIGNED: O absenteísmo-doença entre os agentes da Polícia Rodoviária Federal predomina por doenças do sistema osteomuscular e do tecido conjuntivo, bem como possui elevada duração por transtornos mentais e de comportamento. Assim, existe uma necessidade dessa organização policial de promover a prevenção e implementação de programas de gerenciamento dessas principais morbidades.

Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease favoured by shaving. It is particularly common among black Africans belonging to certain socio-professional categories who are obliged to shave. Its aesthetic and professional damage is very significant. However, very few data are available for this condition, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa.
To determine the epidemiological and clinical aspects, and the risk factors associated with the occurrence of PFB in Dakar.
This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in March 2019, including 655 police students at the National Police Academy in Dakar, all of African descent and with curly hair, who were required to shave weekly and agreed to participate in this study. The diagnosis of PFB was clinically based. Data analysis was processed using Epi-info version 6.0 software. Pearson\'s chi-square test was used for bivariate analysis with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. The Odds Ratio, with its 95% confidence interval, was used to determine the risk factors.
Among the 655 officers, 254 had PFB, with a prevalence of 38.8%. The prevalence of PFB was 43.7% in men (242 men out of 554) and 11.9% in women (12 women out of 101). The average age of patients with PFB was 26.80 years (± 2.59), ranging from 22 to 36 years. The age of onset of PFB was between 18 and 20 years for the majority (39.8%), with a mean age of onset of 22.2 years (± 3.6). PFB lesions were pruritic in 84.6% of cases, papular in 96.8%, and/or pustular in 60.2%. The submandibular region was the most affected site (69.8%). Complications were noted in 90.1% of cases in the form of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (87%) and keloid scars (3.1%). The risk factors associated with PFB were male sex (p<0.0001; OR=5.7; CI95% [3.07-10.75]), family history of PFB (p<0.0001; OR=5; CI95% [3.35-7.37]), keloid-prone skin (p<0.0001; OR=2.9; CI95% [1.63-4.96]), association with acne keloidalis nuchae (p<0.0001; OR=8.8; CI95% [5.55-14.08]), use of a single-blade razor (p<0.0001; OR=2.5; CI95% [1.69-3.70]), use of a fixed-head razor (p<0.0001; OR=1.8 CI95% [1.28-2.77]), shaving against the grain (p<0.0001; OR = 6.3; CI95%= [4.33-9.08]), non-use of shaving products (p = 0.009; OR = 1.5; CI95%= [1.06-2]) and waxing (p<0.004; OR=2.7; CI95% [1.33-5.77]). On the other hand, the use of clippers (p<0.0001; OR = 0.5 CI95% [0.33-0.65]), pre-shave products (p<0.0001; OR = 0.4 CI95% [0.29-0.61]) and the use of razors with movable heads (p<0.0009; OR = 0.2 CI95% [0.17-0.35]) were protective factors against PFB.
Our study confirms the high incidence of PFB in this population of black men of African descent. A genetic abnormality revealed by shaving must be evoked in the occurrence of PFB. Further genetic and immunohistochemical studies would be needed to support this hypothesis.

BACKGROUND: Occupational trauma is heightened among police officers due to their exposure to physical, biological, chemical, and psychological hazards. Sustained occupational trauma results in mental illness among members of the police, which is a public health issue of concern. This study aimed to report a scoping review of the literature on strategies employed by police officers for coping with occupational trauma around the globe.
METHODS: A search string, formulated from the review question of what is known about the strategies of police officers for coping with occupational trauma, was used to search for articles from databases. A total of 588 hits were screened against inclusion criteria, resulting in 36 full-text studies between 1983 and 2022 being included in this review. Data were extracted using a standardised data extraction tool. The multi-step process was used to analyse the extracted data, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches.
RESULTS: From this review, \'adaptive coping mechanisms\', involving confrontation; \'maladaptive coping mechanisms\', such as self-isolation, distancing and substance use; \'resilience\', relating to mental preparation, and \'seeking support systems\' from family, colleagues and professionals reflected the strategies used by police officers to cope with occupational trauma. Social stigma related to mental health disorders impacts the strategies used by police officers to cope with occupational trauma.
CONCLUSIONS: the police management and healthcare practitioners must collaborate towards providing constructive environments that support and strengthen police officers\' strategies for coping with occupational trauma.

BACKGROUND: How individuals are informed of the traumatic loss of a loved one can influence their grieving process and quality of life.
OBJECTIVE: This qualitative study aimed to explore, through thematic analysis, how life stages might influence the experience and feelings of those who have received communication of a traumatic death from police officers or healthcare professionals.
METHODS: Recruited through social networks and word of mouth, 30 people participated in the study. Subjects were divided into three groups according to age (Group 1: ten participants aged between 20 and 35 years; Group 2: ten participants aged between 45 and 55 years; and Group 3: ten participants aged 60 and over). Participants completed an ad hoc questionnaire online. Atlas.ti software 8 was used to perform thematic analysis.
RESULTS: The three age groups had the following four key themes in common: (a) emotional reactions; (b) subjective valuation of the notification; (c) support; and (d) needs. Subtle differences emerged between age groups; yet the quality of the reactions and main themes did not vary greatly between the groups considered.
CONCLUSIONS: The communication of an unexpected and violent death seems to provoke rather similar effects in survivors of different life stages. A few differences were noted in sub-themes (increased need for professional training in younger recipients; absence of suicidal ideation in older adults); perhaps quantitative designs could provide further details in future investigations.

BACKGROUND: Sex trafficking victims often have touchpoints with salons for waxing, styling, and other body modification services required by traffickers. Recently, some states have administered laws requiring salon professionals to receive intimate partner violence (IPV)-related training, with even fewer states mandating training on identifying sex trafficking. This study aimed to understand how salon professionals have witnessed evidence of violence, including IPV and sex trafficking, in the workplace and to explore the differences in their approach to each type of victim.
METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted with salon professionals (N = 10) and law enforcement professionals/policymakers (N = 5). Content and thematic analysis techniques were used.
RESULTS: Salon professionals typically identified potential violence through signs such as bruises, odd behavior, and client disclosures, prompting them to engage in cautious conversations. Yet, few were trained to identify and intervene. Often, they responded to suspected violence by talking with the client, sharing concerns with salon leadership, directly intervening on the client\'s behalf, or contacting the police. Law enforcement and salon professionals had suggestions about improving salon professionals\' recognition of and response to violence, including training on victim-focused resources, creating a safe environment, and building relationships with law enforcement. They also suggested strengthening community partnerships to increase resource advocacy and reporting.
CONCLUSIONS: One-on-one salon services may provide a unique opportunity to intervene and identify victims of violence, especially when empowered through additional training and collaborative partnerships with community-oriented policing initiates. Implementing training and community-based initiatives could aid salon professionals in gaining greater confidence in knowing what to do when serving a client who is a victim of IPV or sex trafficking.

BACKGROUND: The risk of terrorist attacks in the Federal Republic of Germany is present and is currently increasing. Publicly funded acute care hospitals and their owners are involved in disaster control as part of their remit and are responsible for taking comprehensive precautions to ensure their operational capability in the event of disasters. This mandate must also be ensured in the event of terrorist attacks and amok incidents. For this purpose, an optimal cooperation between preclinical and clinical care is indispensable.
OBJECTIVE: Recommended actions for collaboration between nonclinical and clinical planning to manage a mass casualty incident in terrorist life-threatening response situations are presented.
METHODS: The Inter-Hospital Security Conference Baden-Württemberg (IHSC BW) is an association of representatives of acute hospitals in Baden-Württemberg, the Ministry of the Interior, Digitalization and Migration Baden-Württemberg, the Ministry of Social Affairs and Integration Baden-Württemberg, the State Police Headquarters Baden-Württemberg and the Baden-Württemberg Hospital Association. From 2018 to 2020, the IHSC BW developed recommendations for action on cooperation between police, hospitals and non-police emergency response. The recommendations for action were agreed by the group members in 6 working sessions and initialled in two subsequent video conferences. A recommendation was considered adopted when the IHSC BW plenary assembly finally gave its approval with an absolute majority.
CONCLUSIONS: Competence-based interface solutions for a smooth cooperation between prehospital and hospital management in the care of patients who have become victims of a terrorist attack are to be demanded. For preliminary planning, the establishment of a local safety conference at the county disaster control authority level with the following participants is recommended: disaster control authority, fire department, regional police headquarters, chief emergency physician, rescue services and disaster control officers of affected clinics. It is recommended to set up a joint command and situation center (CSC), where management personnel from the police, rescue service, fire department and disaster control can meet to organize the handling of the incident jointly, competently and without loss of time. From this CSC, a liaison officer should then provide the clinics with information at regular intervals. Exercises should take place regularly. Cross-organizational exercises are particularly important, and this is one of the tasks of the local safety conference.
UNASSIGNED: HINTERGRUND: Die Gefahr terroristischer Anschläge in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ist gegeben und nimmt aktuell weiter zu. Öffentlich geförderte Akutkrankenhäuser haben eigenverantwortlich umfassende Vorsorge für ihre Einsatzfähigkeit bei Katastrophen zu treffen. Dieser Auftrag ist auch bei Terror- und Amoklagen sicherzustellen. Eine optimale Abstimmung zwischen präklinischer und klinischer Versorgung ist unabdingbar.
UNASSIGNED: Es werden Handlungsempfehlungen zur Zusammenarbeit von außerklinischer und klinischer Planung zur Bewältigung eines Massenanfalls von Verletzten bei lebensbedrohlichen Einsatzlagen (LebEL) vorgestellt.
METHODS: Die Klinikübergreifende Sicherheitskonferenz Baden-Württemberg (KLÜSIKO BW) ist eine Arbeitsgemeinschaft aus Vertretern der Akutkliniken in Baden-Württemberg, des Ministeriums für Inneres, Digitalisierung und Migration Baden-Württemberg, des Ministeriums Soziales und Integration Baden-Württemberg, des Landespolizeipräsidiums Baden-Württemberg und der Baden-Württembergischen Krankenhausgesellschaft e. V. Von 2018 bis 2020 wurden in der KLÜSIKO BW Handlungsempfehlungen zur „Zusammenarbeit zwischen Polizei, Kliniken und nichtpolizeilicher Gefahrenabwehr“ erarbeitet. Die Handlungsempfehlungen wurden in 6 Arbeitssitzungen konzertiert und in 2 anschließenden Videokonferenzen parafiert. Eine Empfehlung galt als verabschiedet, wenn abschließend die Vollversammlung der KLÜSIKO BW ihre Zustimmung mit absoluter Mehrheit gab.
UNASSIGNED: Zu fordern sind kompetenzbasierte Schnittstellenlösungen für ein reibungsloses Zusammenwirken von Präklinik und Klinik bei der Versorgung von Patienten, die Opfer einer LebEL wurden. Für die Vorplanung wird die Einrichtung einer lokalen Sicherheitskonferenz auf der Ebene Landkreis/Untere Katastrophenschutzbehörde mit folgenden Teilnehmern empfohlen: Untere Katastrophenschutzbehörde, Feuerwehr, regionales Polizeipräsidium, Leitender Notarzt, Rettungsdienste, Katastrophenschutzbeauftragte betroffener Kliniken. Empfohlen wird ein gemeinsames Führungs- und Lagezentrum (FLZ), wo sich Führungspersonal von Polizei, Rettungsdienst, Feuerwehr und Katastrophenschutz einfinden, um die Abwicklung des Schadensereignisses gemeinsam, kompetent und ohne Zeitverlust zu organisieren. Aus diesem FLZ sollten dann die Kliniken in regelmäßigen zeitlichen Abständen mit Informationen versorgt werden. Übungen sollten regelmäßig stattfinden. Eine besondere Bedeutung kommt organisationsübergreifenden Übungen zu.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) impacts more than 40% of people in the U.S. Since the 1980s, the U.S. has maintained a police-centric response to IPV, which relies on arrest-via policies like mandatory arrest laws-as its primary intervention. There is mixed evidence on whether IPV policing decreases subsequent IPV at the individual level, but less is known about IPV policing\'s broader collateral consequences. This systematic scoping review is the first to synthesize existing evidence for the generalized consequences of IPV policing in the U.S. We searched Web of Science, ProQuest, and EBSCO Host, and identified 36 relevant articles. Survivor criminalization was the most studied generalized consequence of IPV policing and existing studies have documented positive associations between mandatory arrest laws and risk of survivor arrest. We also found numerous methodologically rigorous studies on the effects of mandatory arrest laws on population-level IPV victimization. The review also identifies gaps in the evidence base: there is a need for research on additional potential consequences of IPV policing such as police violence against survivors, involvement of child protective services, and psychosocial and physical health outcomes of survivors.

We investigated the neural signatures of expert decision-making in the context of police training in a virtual reality-based shoot/don\'t shoot scenario. Police officers can use stopping force against a perpetrator, which may require using a firearm and each decision made by an officer to discharge their firearm or not has substantial implications. Therefore, it is important to understand the cognitive and underlying neurophysiological processes that lead to such a decision. We used virtual reality-based simulations to elicit ecologically valid behavior from authorized firearms officers (AFOs) in the UK and matched novices in a shoot/don\'t shoot task and recorded electroencephalography concurrently. We found that AFOs had consistently faster response times than novices, suggesting our task was sensitive to their expertise. To investigate differences in decision-making processes under varying levels of threat and expertise, we analyzed electrophysiological signals originating from the anterior cingulate cortex. In line with similar response inhibition tasks, we found greater increases in preresponse theta power when participants inhibited the response to shoot when under no threat as compared with shooting. Most importantly, we showed that when preparing against threat, theta power increase was greater for experts than novices, suggesting that differences in performance between experts and novices are due to their greater orientation toward threat. Additionally, shorter beta rebounds suggest that experts were \"ready for action\" sooner. More generally, we demonstrate that the investigation of expert decision-making should incorporate naturalistic stimuli and an appropriate control group to enhance validity.

Medical confidentiality is the cornerstone for a trustful relationship between patients and the health professionals attending to them. However, when history or clinical findings suggest certain offenses, statutory laws (Children\'s Act, Older Persons Act, Mental Health Care Act, Sexual Offenses Act) establish a legal obligation for health professionals to report suspected instances of abuse to the police or alternatively, in some cases, to a designated social worker. Given the high rate of domestic violence and abuse in South Africa, health professionals are most likely to encounter such situations. Many clinicians are oblivious of the obligations, exposing themselves to possible liability and their patients to potential additional harm. This article aims to demonstrate the reporting requirements under the respective acts through case scenarios. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the existing legal setting are discussed briefly.

BACKGROUND: Police officers face an increased risk of developing cerebro-cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, current literature lacks population-based cohort studies specifically focusing on this association. This study aimed to investigate the association between police officers and the risk of developing CVD compared with education officers, while accounting for socioeconomic and demographic factors.
METHODS: We used the Korean National Health Insurance Service data spanning from 2009 to 2020. In this population-based retrospective matched cohort study, we identified age, sex, and calendar years of job-enrollment-matched education officers for each police officer. This study evaluated the CVD occurrence, including acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke. Using multivariable Cox regression analysis, we determined the risk of developing CVD, expressed as a hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).
RESULTS: Among 104,134 police officers and 104,134 education officers, 4,391(42.2%) cases and 3,631(34.9%) cases of CVD occurred, respectively. The mean ± standard deviation age was 38.4 ± 9.4 years in police officers and 38.6 ± 9.5 years in education officers. The proportion of men was 84.8 % in both groups. Police officers were significantly associated with a higher risk of developing CVD compared with education officers, with an adjusted HR of 1.15 (95% CI, 1.09-1.22). In addition, police officers had significantly higher risks for acute myocardial infarction (adjusted HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.06-1.26) and ischemic stroke (adjusted HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.09-1.25).
CONCLUSIONS: The findings of our study highlight a significant increase in the risk of developing CVD among police officers, particularly among those aged 45 years and older and those with uncontrolled blood pressure compared to their education officer counterparts. Future cohort studies are required to confirm this association.