The collective action of MOCAO, Movimiento en resistencia contra las agresiones oculares del ESMAD (Escuadrón Móvil An-tidisturbios) is a social strateg y to demand access to justice and the fulfilment of guarantees of reparation and non-repetition in Colombia. A brief account of significant events in our trajecto-ry as a social movement is presented, together with our letter of petitions to the national government as victims and survivors of ocular aggressions in the framework of police violence. Al-though ESMAD today has been reformed under the name of the Unit for Dialogue and Maintenance of Order (UNDMO), we consider that there have not yet been structural changes to ensure that its function is related to protecting the constitution-al right to social protest.

BACKGROUND: The article examines the experiences of protesters and bystanders who have sustained eye injuries from rubber bullets fired by the police. Use of rubber bullets by police officers during public protests is officially regulated, but there is insufficient documentation about the nature of fatal and non-fatal injuries linked to rubber bullet use during protests in South Africa.
METHODS: We pres-ent three case studies based on data gathered from student protests, community protests, and media reports. Through the analysis of these sources, the article presents the personal stories of individuals who have experienced eye injuries, detailing how the incidents occurred and the subsequent impact on their lives. It also examines the accessibility of medical, psychological, and legal services available to victims in addressing the consequences of these injuries.
RESULTS: The cases studies illustrate that rubber bullets were used frequently and often without due caution by police officers during the events examined. The use of rubber bullets was linked to numerous eye injuries, resulting in lasting psycho-logical and physical consequences for those affected.
CONCLUSIONS: Rubber bullet-related eye injuries during protests are disturbingly common in South Africa. Consequently, there is an urgent need to provide essential services and support to those who suffer from these life-altering incidents.

暂无摘要。

Medical confidentiality is the cornerstone for a trustful relationship between patients and the health professionals attending to them. However, when history or clinical findings suggest certain offenses, statutory laws (Children\'s Act, Older Persons Act, Mental Health Care Act, Sexual Offenses Act) establish a legal obligation for health professionals to report suspected instances of abuse to the police or alternatively, in some cases, to a designated social worker. Given the high rate of domestic violence and abuse in South Africa, health professionals are most likely to encounter such situations. Many clinicians are oblivious of the obligations, exposing themselves to possible liability and their patients to potential additional harm. This article aims to demonstrate the reporting requirements under the respective acts through case scenarios. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the existing legal setting are discussed briefly.

BACKGROUND: Police officers face an increased risk of developing cerebro-cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, current literature lacks population-based cohort studies specifically focusing on this association. This study aimed to investigate the association between police officers and the risk of developing CVD compared with education officers, while accounting for socioeconomic and demographic factors.
METHODS: We used the Korean National Health Insurance Service data spanning from 2009 to 2020. In this population-based retrospective matched cohort study, we identified age, sex, and calendar years of job-enrollment-matched education officers for each police officer. This study evaluated the CVD occurrence, including acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke. Using multivariable Cox regression analysis, we determined the risk of developing CVD, expressed as a hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).
RESULTS: Among 104,134 police officers and 104,134 education officers, 4,391(42.2%) cases and 3,631(34.9%) cases of CVD occurred, respectively. The mean ± standard deviation age was 38.4 ± 9.4 years in police officers and 38.6 ± 9.5 years in education officers. The proportion of men was 84.8 % in both groups. Police officers were significantly associated with a higher risk of developing CVD compared with education officers, with an adjusted HR of 1.15 (95% CI, 1.09-1.22). In addition, police officers had significantly higher risks for acute myocardial infarction (adjusted HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.06-1.26) and ischemic stroke (adjusted HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.09-1.25).
CONCLUSIONS: The findings of our study highlight a significant increase in the risk of developing CVD among police officers, particularly among those aged 45 years and older and those with uncontrolled blood pressure compared to their education officer counterparts. Future cohort studies are required to confirm this association.

UNASSIGNED: The authors examined whether use of a co-responder program reduced the likelihood of an involuntary commitment examination as the disposition of a police encounter with youths experiencing a mental health crisis and 1 year after the initial incident.
UNASSIGNED: Using a quasi-experimental design, the authors compared 206 incidents that involved the co-response program with 327 incidents that did not involve the program. Propensity score matching was used to balance groups on demographic and incident characteristics. The dependent variables included the disposition of the incident (deescalation or involuntary commitment examination), whether the youths experienced a later involuntary commitment examination within 1 year of the initial intervention, and time to the subsequent examination. Propensity score-weighted binary logistic regression and time-to-event analysis were used.
UNASSIGNED: The co-responder program was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of police officer-initiated involuntary commitment examinations and a lower likelihood of an involuntary commitment examination within 1 year. Eighty percent of the incidents that resulted in a co-response involving a police officer and a mental health professional were deescalated, allowing the youth to remain in the community with a safety plan, whereas 17% of incidents with a police-only response ended with crisis deescalation.
UNASSIGNED: These findings provide further support for the implementation of co-responder options that are available to police officers during encounters with children and adolescents experiencing a mental health crisis.

OBJECTIVE: This cohort study addresses the need for comprehensive and longitudinal research on police officers\' mental health, focusing on the relationship between occupational factors, individual characteristics and mental health status or suicidality. The Mental COP (Mental health Cohort Of Police officers in Korea) research provides important insights by tracking new police officers over time, contributing to evidence-based interventions and policies to improve their overall mental health and working conditions.
METHODS: Mental Cop is a prospective open cohort study designed for new police officers for police recruitment, expected to graduate after 8 months of education at the Central Police Academy. To date, 6752 individuals have completed the baseline survey and are enrolled in the cohort.
RESULTS: The study data in Mental COP covered a wide range of issues for first responders, including personal factors, various mental health problems, occupational factors and measured biomarkers of allostatic load, including Heart Rate Variability. The main findings indicate a lower prevalence of mental health problems among those selected as new police officers compared with the general population with notable gender differences. Therefore, closer monitoring of women is required. Furthermore, the study revealed cohort-based differences in mental health, highlighting increased risk related to occupational factors (field training) and the management of vulnerable groups.
UNASSIGNED: Another wave of Mental COP is scheduled for December 2023, with plans for future cohort expansion. Additionally, it will establish a more comprehensive and systematic scientific framework for future investigations by integrating broader medical examinations and National Health Insurance Service Data.

Crash scenario-based testing is crucial for assessing autonomous driving safety. However, existing studies on scenario generation tend to prioritize concrete scenarios for direct testing, neglecting the construction of fundamentally functional scenarios with a broader range. Police-reported historical crash data is a valuable supplement, yet detecting all potential crash scenarios is laborious. In order to address this issue, this study proposes an adaptive search sampling framework based on deep generative model and surrogate model (SM) to extract master scenario samples from police-reported historical crash data. The framework starts with selecting representative samples from the full crash dataset as initial master scenario samples using various sampling techniques. Evaluation indexes are then constructed, and derived scenario samples are synthesized using the deep generative model. To enhance efficiency, an SM is established to replace the generative model\'s training and data generation process. Based on the SM, an adaptive search sampling method is developed, which iteratively adjusts the sampling strategy using the Similarity Score to achieve comprehensive sampling. Experimental results demonstrate the notable advantage of the adaptive search sampling method over other sampling methods. Furthermore, statistical analysis and visualization assessments confirm the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method.

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OBJECTIVE: Permanent night workers conceivably show better adaptation of circadian rhythms to night work than shift workers and therefore better possibilities of obtaining sufficient sleep of good quality after night shifts. We investigated the effect of night shifts including number of consecutive shifts on sleep among self-selected permanent night workers, and studied if the effect of night shifts differed between morning and evening types and compared with 3-shift workers.
METHODS: The study population included 90 permanent night workers followed for 14 days (warehouse workers, 1228 observation days, 80% males). For comparison, we included 70 3-shift workers followed for 26 days (police officers, 1774 observation days, 100% men). Total sleep time (TST), primary sleep duration (PSD), and sleep efficiency were assessed by actigraphy. Measures of sleep quality and diurnal type were self-reported.
RESULTS: Among permanent night workers, TST, PSD, difficulties falling asleep, disturbed sleep, and the number of awakenings decreased after night shifts compared with days without night work. Sleep efficiency, difficulties awakening, and non-refreshing sleep increased. More consecutive night shifts were associated with shorter TST and PSD. Sleep outcomes did not differ by diurnal type. Permanent night workers had fewer awakenings after night shifts than 3-shift workers, but no other differences were observed.
CONCLUSIONS: This study does not provide evidence that supports recommendation of permanent night work to reduce adverse effects of night shifts on sleep. A limited number of consecutive night shifts is recommended to reduce accumulation of sleep debt.