BACKGROUND: Little is known on the prospective associations between an empirically derived dietary pattern (DP) and life satisfaction among adolescents. This PUTRA-Adol follow-up study aimed to assess the prospective associations between the empirically derived DP and life satisfaction during adolescence.
METHODS: A total of 585 and 262 adolescents participated in the baseline PUTRA-Adol study in 2016 and PUTRA-Adol follow-up study in 2019-2020, respectively. These adolescents were recruited from three southern states in peninsular Malaysia, namely Negeri Sembilan, Melaka and Johor. Dietary assessments were estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) while a Multidimensional Students\' Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS) was used to measure life satisfaction at baseline in 2016 as well as at follow-up in 2019-2020. A DP characterised by foods high in free sugar and energy dense was identified using reduced rank regression (RRR), cross-sectionally at baseline and was reported elsewhere. Similar RRR analysis was used to find a DP that best explained the variation in response variables linked to poorer life satisfaction, including dietary energy density (DED), fiber density, and percentage of energy from total fat and sugar at the PUTRA-Adol follow-up study. Prospective relationship between adherence to the identified DPs and overall life satisfaction scores as well as its domains between 2016 and 2019-2020 were evaluated using generalized estimating equation models (GEE).
RESULTS: A DP characterized by high intakes of percentage energy from sugar, fibre and low in DED and percentage energy from total fat was identified at the 2019-2020 follow-up. The identified DP explained 11% of total variations in the response variables and was characterized by high intakes of sweets, sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) and fruits. Female adolescents [67.6(8.9)] had a mean (SD) of life satisfaction that was higher than male adolescents [67.5(10.8)] p < 0.05 in 2019-2020. Prospective analysis found a significant positive association between the identified DP and school domain, in male adolescents (β = 0.117; 95% CI 0.001, 0.234) and an inverse relationship between the DP z-score and self-domain in all adolescents (β = - 0.060; 95% CI - 0.115, - 0.005) from 2016 to 2019-2020.
CONCLUSIONS: An increasing score for the predominant \'High sugar and High fibre\' DP was prospectively associated with increasing life satisfaction score for the school domain in male adolescents and decreasing score for self-domain in both male and females during adolescence. A lifestyle intervention targeting reduced dietary intakes, particularly sugar, may improve life satisfaction in adolescents and promote healthier future without compromising dietary intakes for chronic disease prevention later in life.

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Poor diet is a major risk factor for non-communicable disease. The aims of this study were to describe temporal patterns and seasonal changes in diet across the year in Australian adults. A total of 375 adults from a prospective cohort study conducted between 1 December 2019 and 31 December 2021 in Adelaide, Australia, were asked to complete the Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies at eight timepoints over a year. Average intakes over the previous month of total energy, macronutrients, healthy food groups, and discretionary foods and beverages were derived. Temporal patterns in diet were analysed descriptively. Multilevel linear regression modelling was used to assess seasonal differences in diet. Of the 375 participants recruited, 358 provided sufficient data for analysis. Intake of total energy, all macronutrients, and most discretionary foods and beverages peaked in December. Total energy intake was higher in summer than in autumn, winter, and spring. Fruit intake was higher in summer than in winter. Consumption of alcoholic beverages was higher in summer than in autumn, winter, and spring. Consumption of non-alcoholic beverages was higher in summer than in autumn and winter. This study identified temporal differences in dietary intake among Australian adults. Seasonal effects appear to be driven largely by increases in consumption of foods and beverages over the December (summer) holiday period. These findings can inform the design and timing of dietary interventions.

Promoting optimal nutrition in pregnant and lactating women is crucial for maternal and infant health. This study evaluated their nutritional status and dietary habits, assessing macro and micronutrient intake based on recommendations. A descriptive study with Spanish participants examined social, obstetric, dietary, and anthropometric data using quantitative and qualitative methods. The analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography revealed significant variability, with notable deviations in specific fatty acids like C:10:0 and C:12:0. Despite some differences, the overall composition aligns with standards. During pregnancy, 53.8% consumed five meals/day. Grilling (92.3%) and baking (76.9%) were common. Food consumption frequency differed from recommendations. Lactating mothers\' mean energy intake was 2575.88 kcal/day ± 730.59 standard deviation (SD), with 45% from carbohydrates and 40% from lipids, including 37.16 g ± 10.43 of saturated fatty acids. Diets during pregnancy lacked fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and cereals. Lactating mothers partially met nutritional objectives, with an energy distribution skewed towards lipids and deficiencies in calcium, iodine, vitamin D, E, and folic acid. Promoting proper nutrition during pregnancy and lactation is essential to safeguard health and prevent chronic diseases.

In the field of nutrition, both low-carbohydrate (LCD) and low-fat (LFD) diets were initially intended for specific subgroups but are now being embraced by the broader population for various purposes, including aesthetics and overall health. This study aims to assess sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle factors influencing diet choices among public servants in the ELSA-Brasil cohort. Diets were classified as LCD or LFD based on the Brazilian Diabetes Society (<45%) and WHO guidelines (<30%) respectively. A total of 11,294 participants were evaluated (45.3% men; 54.7% women) with a mean age of 52 ± 0.08 years. Having overweight, altered waist circumference, and a history of smoking confers higher chances of adopting an LCD compared to the usual diet, while being over 52 years, non-White race/skin color, in a lower income stratum, and having diagnosis of hypertension and/or diagnosis of diabetes mellitus decrease these chances. Regarding LFDs, belonging to the non-White race/skin color, being over 52 years old, being divorced, and practicing low physical activity decrease the chances of following such a diet compared to the usual diet. In conclusion, factors like age, socioeconomic status, health, and physical activity levels can be the key to understanding why individuals choose restrictive diets beyond clinical advice.

Hybrid methods are a suitable option for extracting dietary patterns associated with health outcomes. This study aimed to identify the dietary patterns of Brazilian adults (20-59 years old; n = 28,153) related to dietary components associated with the risk of obesity. Data from the 2017-2018 Brazilian National Dietary Survey were analyzed. Food consumption was obtained through 24 h recall. Dietary patterns were extracted using partial least squares regression, using energy density (ED), percentage of total fat (%TF), and fiber density (FD) as response variables. In addition, 32 food groups were established as predictor variables in the model. The first dietary pattern, named as energy-dense and low-fiber (ED-LF), included with the positive factor loadings solid fats, breads, added-sugar beverages, fast foods, sauces, pasta, and cheeses, and negative factor loadings rice, beans, vegetables, water, and fruits (≥|0.15|). Higher adherence to the ED-LF dietary pattern was observed for individuals >40 years old from urban areas, in the highest income level, who were not on a diet, reported away-from-home food consumption, and having ≥1 snack/day. The dietary pattern characterized by a low intake of fruits, vegetables, and staple foods and a high intake of fast foods and sugar-sweetened beverages may contribute to the obesity scenario in Brazil.

This study aimed to identify the dietary patterns of Brazilian children aged 6-23 months and to investigate their association with maternal socio-demographic factors. Data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey were used in this cross-sectional study. Mothers of 1616 children aged 6-23 months reported on their children\'s dietary intake. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis, and their associations with maternal socio-demographic characteristics were assessed using linear regression models. The first consisted of healthy patterns and the second, unhealthy ones. Linear regression showed that adherence to a healthy dietary pattern was higher among children of mothers who were older (β = 0.02, p = 0.01), had more years of education (β = 0.49, p = 0.04), reported living with a partner (β = 0.29, p = 0.01), and resided in an urban area (β = 0.35, p = 0.01). Conversely, adherence to the unhealthy pattern was positively associated with mothers who declared themselves as black or brown (β = 0.25, p = 0.03). Our results show that older mothers with higher levels of education and paid work and who live with a partner are more likely to contribute to their children\'s healthy eating patterns. We conclude that socio-demographic factors may influence the quality of the food offered to children. Nevertheless, advocating for public policies promoting nutritious complementary diets emphasising fresh and minimally processed foods remains crucial for children whose mothers do not possess these favourable socio-demographic characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Existing data on maternal dietary patterns and birth weight remains limited and inconsistent, especially in non-Western populations. We aimed to examine the relationship between maternal dietary patterns and birth weight among a cohort of Chinese.
METHODS: In this study, 4,184 mother-child pairs were included from the Iodine Status in Pregnancy and Offspring Health Cohort. Maternal diet during pregnancy was evaluated using a self-administered food frequency questionnaire with 69 food items. Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns. Information on birth weight and gestational age was obtained through medical records. Adverse outcomes of birth weight were defined according to standard clinical cutoffs, including low birth weight, macrosomia, small for gestational age, and large for gestational age.
RESULTS: Three maternal dietary patterns were identified: plant-based, animal-based, and processed food and beverage dietary patterns, which explained 23.7% variance in the diet. In the multivariate-adjusted model, women with higher adherence to the plant-based dietary patten had a significantly higher risk of macrosomia (middle tertile vs. low tertile: odds ratio (OR) 1.45, 95% CI 1.00-2.10; high tertile vs. low tertile: OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.03-2.34; P-trend = 0.039). For individual food groups, potato intake showed positive association with macrosomia (high tertile vs. low tertile: OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.20-2.47; P-trend = 0.002). Excluding potatoes from the plant-based dietary pattern attenuated its association with macrosomia risk. No significant associations was observed for the animal-based or processed food and beverage dietary pattern with birth weight outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to a plant-based diet high in carbohydrate intake was associated with higher macrosomia risk among Chinese women. Future studies are required to replicate these findings and explore the potential mechanisms involved.

OBJECTIVE: To identify dietary patterns and analyze factors associated with the consumption profile of socially vulnerable children, Maceió, state of Alagoas, Brazil, August 2019 to December 2021.
METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study; sociodemographic, anthropometric and food consumption variables were collected, factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns; associations were analyzed using Poisson regression.
RESULTS: Among the 567 children studied, two dietary patterns were identified, healthy and unhealthy; age ≥ 24 months (PR = 2.75; 95%CI 1.83;4.14), male gender (PR = 0.66; 95%CI 0.49;0.87) and maternal schooling ≤ 9 years (PR = 0.61; 95%CI 0.46;0.81) was higher in the healthy pattern; the unhealthy pattern was associated with age ≥ 24 months (PR = 1.02; 95%CI 1.01;1.03) and male gender (PR = 1.46; 95%CI 1.08;1.98).
CONCLUSIONS: The healthy pattern was more frequent in children aged ≥ 24 months, less frequent in male children and mothers with low level of schooling; children aged ≥ 24 months and males showed a higher prevalence of the unhealthy pattern.
RESULTS: Two dietary patterns were defined, healthy and \"unhealthy\", which were associated with male gender, age ≥ 24 months and maternal schooling ≤ 9 years of study.
UNASSIGNED: The study data can assist health professionals dedicated to primary healthcare services, such as nutritionists, in planning interventions to promote healthy eating habits aimed at children.
CONCLUSIONS: Prospective studies with these populations are necessary to assess the causality of the associations found in this study, aiming to plan more effective public health actions.

BACKGROUND: With rising obesity rates in Western societies, analyzing changes in dietary patterns is paramount. While nutritional surveys have been informative, traditional cookbooks have historically shed light on national cuisines and its changes. Despite the growing popularity of online platforms for food information, cookbooks might still reflect prevalent dietary trends and the diets people follow. This study examined (1) the changes in nutritional content and food group usage in the best-selling cookbooks from 2008 to 2018, and (2) the correlation between the food groups in these cookbooks and dietary patterns (inferred from household purchases) over the same timeframe.
METHODS: An exploratory ecological study was conducted on 20 main course recipes of each of the five best-selling cookbooks in Flanders annually between 2008 and 2018. Trends in macronutrients and food group usage in these recipes were analyzed using generalized linear models. Additionally, these trends were compared to household purchase data in Flanders using correlation matrices.
RESULTS: Our results reveal a rising trend towards the use of plant-based ingredients and meat alternatives in cookbooks over the period 2008-2018. There was an increase in the usage of vegetables, nuts & seeds, and cheese. Conversely, there was a decline in the usage of meat, sugar & sweeteners, alcohol, and dairy (all p-values < 0.05). In terms of macronutrient content, there was an upswing in carbohydrate, fibre, and sugar levels, while the total fat content showed a decrease (all p-values < 0.05). The levels of protein and saturated fat remained consistent over time. Notably, shifts in plant-based and animal-based food group preferences in popular cookbook recipes align with the trends seen in actual household purchases of these food groups (all p-values < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that cookbook content evolves over time, potentially reflecting shifts in population dietary patterns. Future research is needed to determine (Buisman ME, Jonkman J. Dietary trends from 1950 to 2010: a Dutch cookbook analysis. J Nutr Sci [Internet]. 2019 ed [cited 2022 Apr 19];8. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-nutritional-science/article/dietary-trends-from-1950-to-2010-a-dutch-cookbook-analysis/AB281ADE0F09FF8F518B8AC4A2A5BEA8#supplementary-materials ) any causative link between cookbooks and dietary habits, and (Ashwell M, Barlow S, Gibson S, Harris C. National Diet and Nutrition Surveys: the British experience. Public Health Nutr. 2006;9(4):523-30.) the potential for cookbooks to aid in health promotion.