目标:患有ART或自然受孕(NC)的单身和双胞胎之间的青少年对父母和同伴的依恋是否不同?
结论:青少年对父亲的依恋焦虑在NC单身中高于ART和NC双胞胎中,而与父亲的依恋避免在ART单身者中比在NC单身者和NC双胞胎中更高。对母亲的依恋没有差异,最好的朋友或浪漫的伴侣。
背景:大多数研究尚未发现ART和NC单身人士在父母与青少年关系中的差异,但是双胞胎关系可能更危险。以前的研究没有检查过同一研究中的所有四组,或者专门研究依恋关系。
未经批准:这是一个18年,对496个ART单身人士的家庭进行前瞻性和对照纵向研究,101对艺术双胞胎,476个NC单对和22个NC双对。在妊娠中期招募家庭;ART组从芬兰的五个不孕症诊所招募,对照组从常规就诊的医院门诊诊所招募。
方法:母亲和父亲在怀孕期间为这项研究提供了背景信息,在孩子的第一年和早期学龄(7-8岁)。对于ART小组,不孕症特征和产前医学信息也从不孕症诊所的患者登记处获得。儿童(最初是50%的女孩)填写了与他们对母亲的依恋有关的电子问卷,父亲,最好的朋友和浪漫的伴侣(亲密关系的经验-关系结构)在17-19岁。
结果:青少年对父亲的依恋焦虑在NC单胎中比在ART双胞胎中高,P=0.004,略高于NC孪晶,P=0.06。ART单身人士对父亲的青少年依恋回避率高于NC单身人士,P=0.006,略高于NC孪晶,P=0.055。
结论:样本量较小,尤其是在NC双胞胎组中,在18年的时间里有辍学现象,尤其是在父母教育水平较低的男孩和家庭中。该研究仅包括母语为芬兰语的家庭。结果可能在更多样化的人群中有所不同。ART单身人士比ART双胞胎和NC儿童更年轻,兄弟姐妹更少,ART和NC双胞胎比ART和NC单胎有更多的新生儿健康风险。
结论:该研究增加了越来越多的证据,表明ART治疗或双胞胎都不会使母子关系或同伴关系处于长期风险中。然而,在我们的研究中,这是第一个同时检查ART和Twinhood的,我们发现在父亲和青少年的关系中可能会有更多的问题,但仅在ART单身人士中,并且仅与避免依恋有关。我们的研究结果表明,男人,和女人一样,在不孕症治疗期间和之后,应在产前和产前保健方面获得足够的支持。
背景:这项研究由芬兰科学院资助(资助号2501308988),JuhoVainio基金会和芬兰文化基金会。作者报告没有利益冲突。
背景:不适用。
OBJECTIVE: Does adolescent attachment to parents and peers differ between singletons and twins born with ART or natural conception (NC)?
CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent attachment anxiety with the father was higher among NC singletons than among ART and NC twins, whereas attachment avoidance with the father was higher in ART singletons than in NC singletons and NC twins. No differences were found in attachment to the mother, best friend or romantic partner.
BACKGROUND: Most studies have not found differences between ART and NC singletons in parent-adolescent relationships, but twin relationships may be more at risk. No previous study has examined all four groups in the same study, or specifically looked at attachment relationships.
UNASSIGNED: This was an 18-year, prospective and controlled longitudinal study with families of 496 ART singletons, 101 ART twin pairs, 476 NC singletons and 22 NC twin pairs. Families were recruited during the second trimester of pregnancy; the ART group was recruited from five infertility clinics in Finland and the control group was recruited from a hospital outpatient clinic during a routine visit.
METHODS: Mothers and fathers gave background information for this study during pregnancy, and during the child\'s first year and early school age (7-8 years). For the ART group, infertility characteristics and prenatal medical information was also obtained from the patient registry of the infertility clinics. Children (originally 50% girls) filled in electronic questionnaires related to their attachment to mother, father, best friend and romantic partner (Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures) at 17-19 years of age.
RESULTS: Adolescent attachment anxiety to father was higher in NC singletons than in ART twins, P = 0.004 and marginally higher than in NC twins, P = 0.06. Adolescent attachment avoidance to father was higher in ART singletons than in NC singletons, P = 0.006 and marginally higher than in NC twins, P = 0.055.
CONCLUSIONS: The sample size was small especially in the NC twin group and there was drop-out over the 18-year time period, especially among boys and families with lower parental education level. The study only included native Finnish-speaking families. The results could differ in a more diverse population. ART singletons were younger and had fewer siblings than ART twins and NC children, and ART and NC twins had more newborn health risks than ART and NC singletons.
CONCLUSIONS: The study adds to a growing body of evidence that neither ART treatments nor being a twin places mother-child relationships or peer relationships at long-term risk. However, in our study, which was the first to examine both ART and twinhood simultaneously, we found that there may be more problems in father-adolescent relationships, but only in ART singletons and only related to attachment avoidance. Our findings suggest that men, as well as women, should receive enough support in pre- and peri-natal health care during and after infertility treatments.
BACKGROUND: This study was funded by Academy of Finland (grant number 2501308988), the Juho Vainio Foundation and the Finnish Cultural Foundation. The authors report no conflict of interest.
BACKGROUND: N/A.