结节虫。是球虫原生动物,属于顶孔门。和这个门的其他成员一样,它们是专性细胞内寄生虫,具有复杂的细胞机制,可入侵宿主细胞。结节虫。显示异种生命周期,涉及捕食者和猎物作为最终和中间宿主,分别。具体来说,这些寄生虫在其中间宿主的组织中发育成肌囊,尺寸从微观到肉眼可见,取决于物种。当确定的宿主消耗肌囊时,感染性形式在消化系统中产生,并通过粪便排放到环境中。中间宿主消耗受卵囊污染的水和牧场完成了寄生周期。超过200种肉囊虫。被描述为感染野生动物,家畜,和人类,其中一些具有经济或公共卫生重要性。有趣的是,旧世界骆驼(单峰山脉,国内双峰驼,和野生双峰驼)和新世界或南美骆驼(美洲驼,羊驼,guanaco,和vicuña)均可被两种不同的肉囊虫感染:由S.cameli感染的旧世界骆驼(产生微观和宏观囊肿)和S.ippeni(微观囊肿);以及由S.aucheniae(宏观囊肿)和S.masoni(微观囊肿)感染的南美骆驼。大量的旧的和新的世界骆驼被培育用于生产肉类,但是在尸体中发现了宏观的肌囊,这极大地阻碍了肉类的商业化。这篇评论试图汇编目前可以获得的关于生物学的信息,流行病学,系统发育,和结节虫的诊断。感染新旧世界骆驼科动物。此外,知识差距将被确定,以鼓励研究,将导致控制这些寄生虫。
Sarcocystis spp. are coccidian protozoans belonging to the Apicomplexa phylum. As with other members of this phylum, they are obligate intracellular parasites with complex cellular machinery for the invasion of host cells.
Sarcocystis spp. display dixenous life cycles, involving a predator and a prey as definitive and intermediate hosts, respectively. Specifically, these parasites develop sarcocysts in the tissues of their intermediate hosts, ranging in size from microscopic to visible to the naked eye, depending on the species. When definitive hosts consume sarcocysts, infective forms are produced in the digestive system and discharged into the environment via feces. Consumption of oocyst-contaminated water and pasture by the intermediate host completes the parasitic cycle. More than 200
Sarcocystis spp. have been described to infect wildlife, domestic animals, and humans, some of which are of economic or public health importance. Interestingly, Old World camelids (dromedary, domestic Bactrian camel, and wild Bactrian camel) and New World or South American camelids (llama, alpaca, guanaco, and vicuña) can each be infected by two different
Sarcocystis spp: Old World camelids by S. cameli (producing micro- and macroscopic cysts) and S. ippeni (microscopic cysts); and South American camelids by S. aucheniae (macroscopic cysts) and S. masoni (microscopic cysts). Large numbers of Old and New World camelids are bred for meat production, but the finding of macroscopic sarcocysts in carcasses significantly hampers meat commercialization. This review tries to compile the information that is currently accessible regarding the biology, epidemiology, phylogeny, and diagnosis of
Sarcocystis spp. that infect Old and New World camelids. In addition, knowledge gaps will be identified to encourage research that will lead to the control of these parasites.