植物暴露于各种非生物和生物胁迫,导致植物细胞中活性氧(ROS)的形成增加。ROS能够氧化蛋白质,颜料,脂质,核酸,和其他细胞分子,破坏他们的功能活动。在进化的过程中,植物中形成了许多抗氧化系统,包括抗氧化酶和低分子量非酶抗氧化剂。抗氧化系统进行ROS的中和并因此防止细胞组分的氧化损伤。在本次审查中,我们专注于高等植物细胞中非酶抗氧化剂的生物合成,如抗坏血酸(维生素C),谷胱甘肽,黄酮类化合物,类异戊二烯,类胡萝卜素,生育酚(维生素E),泛醌,和质体醌.将描述它们的功能和它们相对于个体ROS的反应性。本综述还致力于现代基因工程方法,广泛用于改变栽培植物中非酶抗氧化剂的定量和定性含量。这些方法允许在相当短的时间内获得具有给定性质的各种植物品系。讨论了用于增强生物合成和这些抗氧化剂含量的植物转基因和植物基因组编辑的最成功方法。
Plants are exposed to a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses leading to increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells. ROS are capable of oxidizing proteins, pigments, lipids, nucleic acids, and other cell molecules, disrupting their functional activity. During the process of evolution, numerous antioxidant systems were formed in plants, including antioxidant enzymes and low molecular weight non-enzymatic antioxidants. Antioxidant systems perform neutralization of ROS and therefore prevent oxidative damage of cell components. In the present review, we focus on the biosynthesis of non-enzymatic antioxidants in higher plants cells such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), glutathione, flavonoids,
isoprenoids, carotenoids, tocopherol (vitamin E), ubiquinone, and plastoquinone. Their functioning and their reactivity with respect to individual ROS will be described. This review is also devoted to the modern genetic engineering methods, which are widely used to change the quantitative and qualitative content of the non-enzymatic antioxidants in cultivated plants. These methods allow various plant lines with given properties to be obtained in a rather short time. The most successful approaches for plant transgenesis and plant genome editing for the enhancement of biosynthesis and the content of these antioxidants are discussed.