This study aimed to determine the consumption status of functional drinks based on the theory of planned behavior and the Stages of Change Model. This study was conducted on 536 female employees of Birjand offices in 2022. The data was collected by using the functional food questionnaire and was analyzed using SPSS with significance level of P < 0.05. The largest number of people consume probiotic drinks (buttermilk, kefir, etc.) were in the maintenance stages (31.2%) and who consume milk fortified with vitamin D were in the contemplation stage (37.3%). The mean score of the participants in the subscales of attitude, behavioral control, and subjective norm was 17.69 ± 3.05, 16.83 ± 2.88, 21.73 ± 4.33, respectively. The mean score of the attitude and subjective norm regarding the consumption of all drinks had a significant relation with the stages of change model (p < 0.05). The results of this study showed that the most drinks that female employees consumed regularly were probiotic drinks, while they did not intend to use functional juices (pre-contemplation stage). Therefore, it seems that this theory can be used as a framework in designing educational programs in order to increase the consumption of functional foods and improve women\'s health.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol consumption by children and adolescents is receiving increasing attention. It may cause dyslipidemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the association between alcohol consumption and blood lipids in children and adolescents is unclear, and so we aimed to characterize this association.
METHODS: Data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey were extracted from children and adolescents aged 7-18 years for whom information was available on alcohol consumption. The population was divided into drinking and nondrinking groups. The χ2, Student\'s t, or Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare groups. Univariate and multivariate linear regression and propensity score matching (PSM) analysis were used to identify the association between alcohol consumption and blood lipids.
RESULTS: This study included 408 children and adolescents with 35 drinkers and 373 nondrinkers. The drinkers had significantly lower values of total cholesterol (TC) (3.8 mmol/L for nondrinkers versus 3.5 mmol/L for drinkers, p = 0.002) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (1.3 mmol/L for nondrinkers versus 1.2 mmol/L for drinkers, p = 0.007), but not for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (2.1 mmol/L for nondrinkers versus 2.0 mmol/L for drinkers, p = 0.092) or triglyceride (TG) (0.9 mmol/L for nondrinkers versus 0.8 mmol/L for drinkers, p = 0.21). The univariate and multivariate analyses led to the same conclusions. After PSM there was still a significant negative association between alcohol consumption and TC or HDL-C.
CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol consumption in children and adolescents exhibited significant negative associated with TC and HDL-C, but not with LDL-C or TG. These findings need to be confirmed in future prospective research, and the health effects of blood lipid changes caused by drinking in children and adolescents need to be clarified.

A milk drink flavored with date syrup produced at a lab scale level was evaluated. The production process of date syrup involves a sequence of essential unit operations, commencing with the extraction, filtration, and concentration processes from two cultivars: Sukkary and Khlass. Date syrup was then mixed with cow\'s and camel\'s milk at four percentages to form a nutritious, natural, sweet, and energy-rich milk drink. The sensory, physical, and chemical characteristics of the milk drinks flavored with date syrup were examined. The objective of this work was to measure the physiochemical properties of date fruits and milk drinks flavored with date syrup, and then to evaluate the physical properties of milk drinks utilizing non-destructive visible-near-infrared spectra (VIS-NIR). The study assessed the characteristics of the milk drink enhanced with date syrup by employing VIS-NIR spectra and utilizing a partial least-square regression (PLSR) and artificial neural network (ANN) analysis. The VIS-NIR spectra proved to be highly effective in estimating the physiochemical attributes of the flavored milk drink. The ANN model outperformed the PLSR model in this context. RMSECV is considered a more reliable indicator of a model\'s future predictive performance compared to RMSEC, and the R2 value ranged between 0.946 and 0.989. Consequently, non-destructive VIS-NIR technology demonstrates significant promise for accurately predicting and contributing to the entire production process of the product\'s properties examined.

OBJECTIVE: Children\'s exposure to unhealthy food marketing contributes to poor diets by influencing the foods that children like, request, buy and consume. This study aimed to use confirmatory mediational analyses to test a hypothetical model of marketing effects, to better understand the mechanisms behind food marketing\'s impacts on children.
METHODS: Children responded to a cross-sectional online survey about their attitudes towards, and purchase and consumption behaviours of, ten frequently promoted food/beverage brands and their media use. Structural equation modelling tested a priori potential pathways for the effects of food marketing exposure on children\'s diets.
METHODS: 10-16-year-old children (n 400).
METHODS: Australia.
RESULTS: There was a significant positive correlation between children\'s commercial screen media use and their attitudes towards brands (related to perceived social norms) and their brand purchasing behaviours, including their own purchases and requests to parents. The use of strategies to avoid advertising in commercial screen media reduced but did not remove the association between media use and brand purchases. Other brand exposures (on clothing, outdoor advertising, sponsorships) had a positive association with children\'s perceived social norms about brands and their brand purchases and requests. Non-commercial screen media use was not associated with any brand-related outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS: Commercial screen media use and other brand exposures were strongly positively associated with children\'s perceptions and purchasing behaviours of frequently marketed food/beverages. Regulations to restrict children\'s exposures to food marketing on-screen and through other media are required to reduce the effect of marketing exposure on children\'s food purchasing behaviours.

4-methylimidazole (4-MEI) is widely used industrially. This carcinogenic component has been reported in some types of food. It is usually produced by the caramelization process in food, drinks and caramel coloring. The possible mechanism for the formation of this compound in food is the Maillard reaction. In order to estimate the amount of substance 4-MEI in food, a systematic study was conducted. The selected keywords were 4-methylimidazole, 4-MEI, beverage, drink, meat, milk, and coffee. 144 articles were obtained from the initial search. The articles were evaluated and finally, the data of 15 manuscripts were extracted. Based on the data extracted from selected articles, the highest amount is reported in caramel color, coffee, and cola drinks. In 70% of the selected studies, the analytical method was based on liquid chromatography. In this method, there is no need for derivatization. SPE columns were used to extract samples in most manuscripts. According to per capita consumption, the most exposure to 4-MEI is through coffee. In high risk food products, regular monitoring with analytical methods with high sensitivity is recommended. Furthermore, most of the selected studies were about the validation method, so few samples were selected. It is recommended to design more studies with a high sample size to accurately evaluate this carcinogenic compound in food.

Alcohol is calorie dense, but unlike food products, alcoholic drinks tend to be exempt from nutritional labelling laws that require energy content information to be displayed on packaging or at point of purchase. This review provides a perspective on the likely efficacy of alcoholic drink energy labelling as a public health policy to reduce obesity and discusses key questions to be addressed by future research. First, the contribution that alcohol makes to population level daily energy intake and obesity is outlined. Next, consumer need for alcohol energy labelling and the potential impacts on both consumer and industry behavior are discussed. Pathways and mechanisms by which energy labelling of alcoholic drinks could reduce obesity are considered, as well as possible unintended consequences of alcoholic drink energy labelling. Would widespread energy labelling of alcoholic drinks reduce obesity? The unclear effect that alcohol has on population level obesity, the modest contribution calories from alcohol make to daily energy intake and limited impact nutritional labelling policies tend to have on behavior, suggest alcohol energy labelling may have limited impact on population obesity prevalence as a standalone policy. However, there are a number of questions that will need to be answered by future research to make definitive conclusions on the potential for alcohol energy labelling policies to reduce obesity.

UNASSIGNED: the mental and physical stimulating effects of caffeine have led to an increase in consumption of caffeinated beverages. Adolescents are at an increased risk of excessive caffeine consumption and its associated adverse health consequences. This study therefore assessed the pattern of caffeinated drink consumption among in-school adolescents in Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria.
UNASSIGNED: a descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out among 350 adolescents in Sagamu Township, selected via multistage sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured self-administered questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS version 20.0. Relevant descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated with level of significance (p) set at <0.05.
UNASSIGNED: respondents\' mean age was 14.49 ± 1.37 years; 60.2% of respondents were male. Over 90% of respondents consumed caffeinated beverages; 19.2% consumed greater than 3 cans in a day; 67.8% always felt a strong urge to consume caffeinated drinks. Reasons for consumption include: to aid personal study (64.4%), thirst (47.1%), performance enhancement (34.1%), alertness (30.6%) and hunger (17.7%). Reported side effects include: nervousness (40.4%); mood swings (16.5%); palpitations (30.1%); insomnia (51.6%).
UNASSIGNED: consumption of caffeinated beverages was high among adolescents in Sagamu. Adequate caffeine control measures, with behavior change communication, will help to address this public health challenge among adolescents.

One of the effective ways for increasing milk intake in a diet is producing flavored milk. In the present study, flavored persimmon milk drinks were formulated and produced. Rheological, sensorial, and physicochemical properties of the drinks were evaluated. Different amounts of persimmon (5, 10, 20, and 30% W/V), gum Arabic (0.1 and 0.2% W/V), and sugar (3 and 5% W/V) were used to produce persimmon milk. All the experiments were done in a completely randomized design (CRD) in three replicates. First, persimmons were mixed thoroughly in a blender then, according to the formulation, whole milk was added to it and mixed again. The obtained mixture was heated up to 50 ᵒC then sugar and the gum were added and mixed completely for 3 min. The drink was pasteurized at 90 ᵒC for 1 min. Sensorial analysis revealed that the most acceptable persimmon milk was related to 0.1% gum Arabic, 5% sugar, and 10% persimmon. Flow behavior of the drinks with 20 and 30% persimmon was Non-Newtonian, while 10% persimmon samples with and without gum showed Newtonian behavior. The drinks with 20 and 30% persimmon were pseudoplastic, and their apparent viscosity increased by increasing shear rates. By applying a proper content of persimmon in milk, we can produce a nutritious flavored milk drink with acceptable taste, stability, and consistency. As this drink has high nutrient contents like phenol, dietary fiber, vitamins, antioxidants, etc., it can help promote health, especially for children.

UNASSIGNED: Placing limitations on advertising of food and nonalcoholic drinks to children is an effective strategy in addressing childhood obesity. The industry maintains that further restrictions are unnecessary.
UNASSIGNED: To ascertain whether the advertising campaigns were successful according to the industry evaluations and more specifically the effects of marketing on children.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 117 case studies (1980-2016) published by the advertising industry which evaluate the effects of advertising campaigns were reviewed. This industry data source had been previously used to analyze the effects of alcohol advertising campaigns. The nutrition profile of the products was assessed by applying the World Health Organisation Nutrition Profile model designed to restrict the marketing of foods and beverages to children.
UNASSIGNED: The food and drink industry advertising campaigns target specific consumers including children, use several persuasive marketing techniques (utilizing celebrities and gamification), often position unhealthy products as healthy, and lead to increased sales of the advertised product with good returns on investment. The health-related claims made, and aspects of the campaigns related to the marketing of the products to children are summarized.
UNASSIGNED: Our analysis of food and non-alcoholic drinks case studies aligns with similar analyses of tobacco and alcohol advertising.
UNASSIGNED: This analysis, based on internal industry data, presents important evidence on the effects of advertising on consumption-related outcomes and the mechanisms by which they are achieved.

Purpose: Water drinking has been proposed for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension because it can increase blood pressure in patients. This study aimed to investigate whether drinking water with a cold or carbonation stimulus would cause a more effective pressor response, and whether it would be greater in older than in younger adults. Methods: We assessed blood pressure and heart rate from non-invasive arterial pressure (a volume-clamp method) and type II electrocardiography in 13 healthy young adults (6 females, 7 males; mean age, 19.9 ± 1.1 years) and nine healthy older adults (all females; mean age, 71.4 ± 4.2 years) who drank 200 mL of cold, cold carbonated, and room temperature water. Results: The pressor response to the drinking of cold and cold carbonated water was greater than that to room temperature water in both younger and older participants (p < 0.05; changes in systolic blood pressure of room temperature water, cold water and cold carbonated water in young: 15.31 ± 9.66, 22.56 ± 11.51 and 32.6 ± 17.98 mmHg, respectively; changes in systolic blood pressure of room temperature water, cold water and cold carbonated water in elderly: 21.84 ± 14.31, 41.53 ± 19.82 and 48.16 ± 16.77 mmHg, respectively). In addition, the pressor response to cold and cold carbonated water was persistent during the recovery period by about 5-10 mmHg (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the pressor response during the drinking and recovery periods was greater in the older than in the younger participants (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our data suggest that even smaller amounts of water are able to elicit a sustained pressor response, in particular if the water is cold and carbonated. We speculate that the pressor effect may render cold and carbonated water an appropriate first aid method against certain forms of acute hypotension.