BACKGROUND: Alcohol consumption by children and adolescents is receiving increasing attention. It may cause dyslipidemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the association between alcohol consumption and blood lipids in children and adolescents is unclear, and so we aimed to characterize this association.
METHODS: Data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey were extracted from children and adolescents aged 7-18 years for whom information was available on alcohol consumption. The population was divided into drinking and nondrinking groups. The χ2, Student\'s t, or Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare groups. Univariate and multivariate linear regression and propensity score matching (PSM) analysis were used to identify the association between alcohol consumption and blood lipids.
RESULTS: This study included 408 children and adolescents with 35 drinkers and 373 nondrinkers. The drinkers had significantly lower values of total cholesterol (TC) (3.8 mmol/L for nondrinkers versus 3.5 mmol/L for drinkers, p = 0.002) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (1.3 mmol/L for nondrinkers versus 1.2 mmol/L for drinkers, p = 0.007), but not for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (2.1 mmol/L for nondrinkers versus 2.0 mmol/L for drinkers, p = 0.092) or triglyceride (TG) (0.9 mmol/L for nondrinkers versus 0.8 mmol/L for drinkers, p = 0.21). The univariate and multivariate analyses led to the same conclusions. After PSM there was still a significant negative association between alcohol consumption and TC or HDL-C.
CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol consumption in children and adolescents exhibited significant negative associated with TC and HDL-C, but not with LDL-C or TG. These findings need to be confirmed in future prospective research, and the health effects of blood lipid changes caused by drinking in children and adolescents need to be clarified.

Controversial results of the association between green tea consumption and risk for esophageal cancer (EC) were reported by previous meta-analysis. Thus, the aim of this study was to quantitatively investigate the association.
The Cochrane Library, PubMed, and EMBASE databases were searched for relevant studies. We used a \"one-stage approach\" with a restricted cubic spline model to summarize the dose-specific relationships between green tea and risk for EC. Odds ratios (ORs) were used to measure the effects. Fourteen studies were included with a total of 5057 ECs among 493 332 participants.
In the dose-response analysis, the summary OR for a 1 cup/d increase in green tea was 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95-1.04; I2 = 77%). No nonlinearity association was observed between tea consumption and risk for EC (P = 0.71 for nonlinearity). In the subgroup of sex, the summary OR for a 1 cup/d increase in green tea was 1.03 (95% CI, 0.95-1.11, I2 = 67%) for men and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.68-0.91; I2 = 0%) for women.
Contrary to previous studies, based on current evidence, the present dose-response study suggested no association between green tea and risk for EC. However, there might be a protective effect of green tea in women. Notably, our conclusion might be influenced by limited studies and potential bias, such as dose of green tea assessment and select bias of case-control studies. Further larger number, prospective, and well-designed larger-scale studies are needed to provide more precise evidence, especially in women and more regions (United States and Europe).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for eating difficulties in people with dementia (PWD).
BACKGROUND: Eat difficulties are common problems in PWD. Prolonged eating difficulties may lead to inadequate/excessive food and drink intake and other adverse outcomes.
METHODS: Overview of systematic reviews.
METHODS: Cochrane Library, JBI Library, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, CNKI, WANFANG, from inception up until 23 September 2019.
METHODS: This overview was conducted in accordance with methodological recommendations of Cochrane. Two researchers independently selected studies based on inclusion criteria, extracted data, assessed eligible studies using AMSTAR 2 and GRADE system, and summarized the conclusions.
RESULTS: Eighteen systematic reviews were included. Some evidence showed that environmental modifications, education/training, and Oral nutrition supplements (ONS) were beneficial to improving eating difficulties. But the current evidence failed to support the effectiveness of other interventions.
CONCLUSIONS: The overall confidence of systematic reviews is relatively low. High-quality studies are needed to further validate the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for eating difficulties in PWD.
CONCLUSIONS: This overview provides evidence on the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for eating difficulties in PWD. It will guide caregivers to choose more effective interventions to cope with eating difficulties and reduce the risk of adverse outcomes.
目标: 评估痴呆患者(PWD)进食困难的非药物干预措施的有效性。 背景资料: 痴呆患者普遍存在进食困难的问题。长期的进食困难可能导致食物和饮料摄入不足/过量以及其他不良后果。 设计: 系统回顾概述。 数据来源: 考克兰图书馆、JBI循证护理中心图书馆、国际文献数据库(PubMed)、荷兰医学文摘数据库(Embase)、护理学数据库(CINAHL)、心理学文摘(PsycINFO)和心理学和行为科学丛书、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方数据库(WANFANG)自成立之初至2019年9月23日的内容。 评审方法: 本概述根据考克兰方法学建议进行。两名研究人员根据纳入标准独立选择研究,提取数据,使用AMSTAR 2和GRADE系统评估符合资格的研究,并总结结论。 结果: 纳入了18篇系统回顾。一些证据表明,环境改造、教育/培训和口服营养补充剂(ONS)有助于改善饮食困难问题。但目前的证据未能证明其他干预措施的有效性。 结论: 系统回顾的总体置信度相对偏低。需要高质量的研究进一步验证痴呆患者(PWD)进食困难的非药物干预措施的有效性。 影响: 本综述提供有关痴呆患者(PWD)进食困难的非药物干预措施有效性方面的证据。其将指导护理人员选择更有效的干预措施来应对其进食困难问题,同时降低不良后果的风险。.

In the work, water-soluble bovine serum albumin-protected fluorescent nickel nanoclusters (BSA-NiNCs) are used as fluorescent probes to construct a label-free fluorescence quenching sensor for sensitive and selective detection of tartrazine. The fluorescent BSA-NiNCs are synthesized in one pot using BSA as both the template and reducing agent, and hydrogen peroxide as the additive. The as-prepared NiNCs are characterized by using various analytical techniques like transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The synthesized BSA-NiNCs have a quantum yield of ca. 8% by using quinine sulfate as a standard. The sensor for tartrazine detection shows a wide linear range of 0.01-3.5 μM, with a low detection limit of 4 nM. The fluorescence quenching very likely results from the combination of the intermolecular interactions and the secondary inner filter effect between BSA-NiNCs and tartrazine. Then, the proposed sensor is successfully employed for tartrazine detection in drink samples, and the results are comparable with those based on a reference HPLC method.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a high performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry( HPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of caffeine, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, acesulfame potassium, saccharin sodium and sodium cyclamate in drink.
METHODS: The sample was extracted by ASPEC using extraction column( Pro Elut C_(18)500 mg/6 m L), dried by Turbo VapⅡ and dissolved in mobile phase. The supernatant was separated on Agilent SB-C_(18) column( 2. 1 mm × 50 mm, 1. 8 μm)using 0. 02 mmol/L ammonium acetate/methyle alcohol as mobile phase and then detected by HPLC-MS/MS using multiple reaction monitoring( MRM) in positive ionization and negative ionization mode.
RESULTS: The average recoveries were from 72. 6% to 100. 5%and the relative standard deviations( RSD) were from 0. 3% to 3. 1%( n = 6). The calibration curves showed a good linearity with correlation coefficients r > 0. 9990. The linear range for saccharin sodium was 8-800 μg/L and others were 2-200 μg/L. The detection limits for caffeine, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, acesulfame potassium and sodium cyclamate were 0. 001 mg/kg and 0. 004 mg/kg for saccharin sodium.
CONCLUSIONS: The method is specific, sensitive, easy, fast and suitable for the confirmation and quantification of caffeine, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, acesulfame potassium, saccharinsodium and sodium cyclamate in drink.

Betel quid (BQ), chewed by about 600 million people worldwide, is one of the most widely used addictive substances. Little is known about psychological factors in BQ chewers.
The present study was the first attempt to explore the relationships between BQ chewing, personality, and mood.
A survey was conducted with a purposive sample to assess BQ chewing habits in four subgroups: BQ-only users, BQ users who smoke and/or drink, smokers and/or drinkers only, and substance nonusers. A total of 494 participants were recruited from the civilian, non-institutionalized population in Taiwan. Habitual consumption of BQ, smoking and drinking; socio-demographic variables; extraversion; and mood (tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, confusion, and self-esteem). All BQ chewers were evaluated on BQ dependence domains using DSM IV and ICD-10 criteria.
The 6-month BQ dependency rate among BQ chewers, defined by either DSM-IV or ICD-10 criteria, ranged from 42.9 to 45.6%. BQ-only users had significantly lower scores on extraversion than substance nonusers. BQ-only users had statistically significant higher scores on confusion and total mood than substance nonusers. BQ-only users had significantly higher scores on fatigue, anger, tension, and depression, than substance nonusers, BQ users who smoke and/or drink, and smokers and/or drinkers only. The number of BQ dependence domains correlated significantly negatively with total mood scores. Conclusions/Importance: The results supported the two hypotheses: (a) BQ chewing is associated with low extraversion; and (b) BQ chewing is related to negative mood.