UNASSIGNED: Outbreaks of fowl adenovirus (FAdV) infection in chicken flocks in Poland threaten birds\' health and lives and are rising in frequency. The risk of these infections in immunocompromised poultry flocks with developed clinical symptoms was analysed through virus detection in broiler chicks and correlation of cases with the birds\' immune strength.
UNASSIGNED: Samples were analysed from four broiler farms with chicks from the same hatchery in Silesia, Poland where feeding regimes were different. A normal diet was provided to birds on the control farm; a normal diet and probiotic, prebiotic, vitamin and microelement supplementation was supplied on another farm; a normal diet and antibiotics on the third; and a normal diet and both forms of supplementation were given on the fourth farm. Amplification of the virus DNA in a PCR with hexon gene L1 loop hypervariable region 1-4 primers determined the molecular characteristics of isolates of adenovirus strains obtained from necropsy tissue samples. The amplicon sequences were analysed, the pair-wise distances were determined, the maximum likelihood estimate for the gamma parameter for site rates was produced, Tajima\'s D neutrality test was run and the relative synonymous codon usage and transition/transversion bias were calculated.
UNASSIGNED: Two species and two serotypes of fowl adenovirus - MW353018-FAdV-1/A-L-liver and MW353019-FAdV-5/B-I-intestine - were isolated in three-week-old broiler chicks on the control farm.
UNASSIGNED: Supplementation of broiler chicken flocks with probiotics, prebiotics, vitamins and microelements may have a significant beneficial effect on immunity and can prevent virus infection. The studies provided new information on the molecular characteristics of adenovirus strains isolated from chicks with a low level of immunity.

UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to explore the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis HFY14 (LLSLHFY14) and investigate its effects on the intestinal barrier, cranial nerve, and motor function in mice treated with antibiotics.
UNASSIGNED: Mice were administered an antibiotic mixture (neomycin 5 mg/mL, vancomycin 25 mg/mL, amphotericin B 0.1 mg/mL, ampicillin 10 mg/mL, metronidazole file 5 mg/mL, and lipopolysaccharide 1.5 μg/mL) intraperitoneally, and oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in the serum and brain tissues, and liver index were measured. H&E staining was performed to detect pathological alterations in brain tissues. The expression of intestinal-barrier-related genes and that of genes involved in inflammatory pathways in the brain were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
UNASSIGNED: LLSLHFY14 administration extended the weight-loaded swimming and running times of mice and decreased the liver index. Moreover, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the serum and brain tissue were reduced, whereas those of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were elevated. Elevated brain expression of the protein kinase B (AKT)/cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) pathway, decreased brain expression of the IL-6 gene, and elevated cecum expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin-1, and claudin-1 genes were noted. LLSLHFY14 supplementation significantly increased Bacteroidetes expression but decreased Firmicutes expression, thus increasing the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio.
UNASSIGNED: Overall, LLSLHFY14 supplementation ameliorated antibiotic-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in the mouse central nervous system, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and increased motor function, thus confirming its potential application as probiotics.

The long-term stability of antibiotics in culture media remains underexplored in scientific literature. This study evaluated the stability of eight distinct antibiotic stock solutions-amoxicillin, cefotaxime, neomycin, oxytetracycline, florfenicol, enrofloxacin, colistin, and potentiated sulfonamide-and their 10-fold dilution series in tryptone soy broth (TSB) at 37 °C, over 12 days. Samples were collected immediately after preparation and on days 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, and 12, with active substance concentrations measured using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry. The results indicated that among the ultrapure water stock solutions, neomycin, florfenicol, and potentiated sulfonamide maintained stability (>95%). Within the culture medium, florfenicol showed consistent stability (100%) throughout the study, potentiated sulfonamide experienced minor degradation (>85%), and neomycin underwent significant degradation. Amoxicillin, oxytetracycline, and colistin displayed considerable degradation in both solution types but were more stable in ultrapure water solutions. The stability of cefotaxime and enrofloxacin in ultrapure water solutions and in the medium was very similar when compared; however, 3.6% of the former and 88.7% of the latter remained detectable by day 12. These findings are crucial for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assessments, especially in minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) studies, and in experiments concerning long-term evolution and co-selection. This study underscores the necessity of stability assessments in culture media to validate future experimental outcomes.

Infections caused by KPC-producing K. pneumoniae continue to pose a significant clinical challenge due to their emerging resistance to new antimicrobials. We investigated the association between two drugs whose roles have been repurposed against multidrug-resistant bacteria: fosfomycin and temocillin. Temocillin exhibits unusual stability against KPC enzymes, while fosfomycin acts as a potent \"synergizer\". We conducted in vitro antimicrobial activity studies on 100 clinical isolates of KPC-producing K. pneumoniae using a combination of fosfomycin and temocillin. The results demonstrated synergistic activity in 91% of the isolates. Subsequently, we assessed the effect on Galleria mellonella larvae using five genetically different KPC-Kp isolates. The addition of fosfomycin to temocillin increased larvae survival from 73 to 97% (+Δ 32%; isolate 1), from 93 to 100% (+Δ 7%; isolate 2), from 63 to 86% (+Δ 36%; isolate 3), from 63 to 90% (+Δ 42%; isolate 4), and from 93 to 97% (+Δ 4%; isolate 10). Among the temocillin-resistant KPC-producing K. pneumoniae isolates (24 isolates), the addition of fosfomycin reduced temocillin MIC values below the resistance breakpoint in all isolates except one. Temocillin combined with fosfomycin emerges as a promising combination against KPC-producing K. pneumoniae, warranting further clinical evaluation.

Interactions between drugs are a common problem in Intensive Care Unit patients, as they mainly have a critical condition that often demands the administration of multiple drugs simultaneously. Antibiotics are among the most frequently used medications, as infectious diseases are often observed in ICU patients. In this review, the most important antibiotic-drug interactions, based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms, were gathered together and described. In particular, some of the most important interactions with main groups of antibacterial drugs were observed in patients simultaneously prescribed oral anticoagulants, NSAIDs, loop diuretics, and valproic acid. As a result, the activity of drugs can be increased or decreased, as dosage modification might be necessary. It should be noted that these crucial interactions can help predict and avoid negative consequences, leading to better patient recovery. Moreover, since there are other factors, such as fluid therapy or albumins, which may also modify the effectiveness of antibacterial therapy, it is important for anaesthesiologists to be aware of them.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a comprehensive microbiological profile of bacterial dacryocystitis in South Australia. By identifying the specific microorganism and antibiotic susceptibility, this study intends to aid ophthalmologists in choosing appropriate empirical antibiotic therapies and development of evidence-based clinical guidelines.
METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted at the Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH) over five years (2018-2023) of patients with acute dacryocystitis. The study included 43 patients, and data encompassed demographic information, clinical presentation, microbiological analysis, management, and outcomes. Patients with chronic dacryocystitis were excluded.
RESULTS: Among the 43 patients included in the study (female 28 (65%), mean age: 64 years old), the most common clinical features were pain (74%) and swelling (70%). Organisms were identified in 49% of patients, with the predominant bacteria being Staphylococcus aureus (42%), Streptococcus species (19%), and Escherichia coli (8%). Aggregatibacter species (8%), Morganella morganii (4%), Enterobacter cloaceae (4%), Hafnia alvei (4%), mixed anaerobes (4%), E coliforms (4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4%) were also identified. The most frequently prescribed empirical antibiotics were amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (50%), flucloxacillin (33%) and cefalexin (18%).
CONCLUSIONS: The microbiological trends of acute dacryocystitis have largely remained consistent, with a predominance of Gram positive organisms. This is the most recent profile analysis of acute dacryocystitis in South Australia and will help form evidence-based clinical guidelines.

Nosocomial pneumonia (NP) represents a leading nosocomial infection and results in substantial morbidity and cost. Over the last several years, the evidence has evolved which directs our approach to NP. Specifically, the definition of NP and classification of its various subtypes has expanded to capture nuances among various phenotypes of this syndrome. For example, segregating those with hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) based on whether they subsequently require mechanical ventilation has been shown to be important. Likewise, newer data indicate the true economic cost of NP and underscore the diverse range of pathogens that can cause NP. Moreover, multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have become a major threat in NP. Fortunately, newer simple preventive strategies have been tested and found to be effective at reducing the incidence of NP. Should prevention fail, a range of new antibiotics have been formally studied in NP and found to be effective. Some of these novel agents have relatively broad ranges of activity and are in vitro active against select MDR organisms. Others, however, are narrower in spectrum and directed against specific problem bacteria. In short, the literature in the field of NP has progressed rapidly, and clinicians require a clear appreciation of these changes so as to improve patient outcomes.

A Lactococcus (L.) lactis strain producing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory biomolecules (mainly 1,4-Diaza-2,5-dioxobicyclo[4.3.0]nonanes and pyrazine-derivatives) was tested for its capacity to cure clinical endometritis in buffaloes compared to conventional antibiotic-based treatment. Clinical endometritis-diagnosed buffaloes (n = 16/group) were infused intrauterine with four doses of 109 CFU-free (FLC group) or nanoencapsulated L. lactis (NLC group) and compared to those that received three doses of saline + a single dose of 500 mg cephapirin benzathin (AB group) or four doses of saline (control, C group) every other day. Endometrium samples were analyzed for cytological (polymorphonuclear cells, PMN), bacteriological, and proinflammatory mRNA expression. Uterine wash and blood samples were collected to determine proinflammatory cytokine concentrations and metabolites in the blood samples. The reproductive performance of buffaloes was assessed. Compared to the C group, the AB and NLC groups had the lowest percentage of PMN, followed by those in the FLC group (p < 0.05). All treated buffaloes had significantly lower numbers of pathogens than the control buffaloes. Compared to control, all treatments significantly down-regulated endometrial proinflammatory encoding mRNA expression. The concentrations of IL1B, TNFAIP7, and leukocyte esterase activity in the uterine washings were significantly decreased in the AB and NLC groups compared to the C and FLC groups. All treatments significantly decreased concentrations of serum proinflammatory cytokines compared to control. Both the AB and NLC groups had significantly lower concentrations of serum NEFA than the C and FLC groups. The percentage of control buffaloes having an echogenic uterus and PVD score > 2 was significantly higher than those in the treated buffaloes with higher numbers of corpora lutea, higher conception rates, and shorter days open than control buffaloes (p < 0.05). In conclusion, L. lactis-producing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory metabolites reduce uterine inflammatory responses and improve fertility in buffaloes.

Introduction: Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency in pregnant women. There has been a wide variance in clinical practice worldwide, with some favoring an antibiotic-only approach while others prefer surgery as the first-line management. Therefore, we designed the current analysis to synthesize the available evidence on the efficacy and safety of antibiotics versus surgery management. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, EuropePMC, and Cochrane Central from March 4, 1904 until November 25, 2022, to look for studies comparing antibiotics and surgery in pregnant patients with acute appendicitis. We only included studies that provided a comparison between the two treatments. We included preterm delivery, fetal loss, maternal death, and complications as outcomes. The results were compared using an odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. We also performed a sensitivity analysis by excluding studies with a serious risk of bias. Results: We included five non-randomized studies for the analysis. We found that patients in the antibiotic group had a lower risk of preterm labor (OR 0.63 [95% CI 0.43-0.92]; p 0.02) but a higher risk of complications (OR 1.79 [95% CI 1.19-2.69]; p 0.005). We did not find any difference in the other outcomes. Conclusion: The increased risk of complications should caution clinicians about using antibiotics as the first-line management. More studies are required to identify patients who would benefit the most before antibiotics could be adopted as a treatment for acute appendicitis in pregnant patients.

Presently, most of the reported infections are of a bacterial origin; however, this leads to a limit within the literature and research around infections caused by fungal pathogens, which are now developing resistance to antibiotic medicines. Of the natural antimicrobial agents, honey has been observed with demonstrable and highly exploitable antimicrobial and infection control related to wound healing properties; therefore, it has been incorporated into many standard pharmaceutical formulations. Generally, these products utilize a pure sample of honey as a bioactive ingredient in a product which has been purposely designed for the convenience of application. This article aims to review information available from published reports on various bioactivities of a variety of medical-grade honey products, including manuka and other conventional non-manuka types sourced from different floral types and geographical regions. Additionally, this review highlights the antibiotic activities of various types of honey products tested against pathogenic strains of bacteria, yeast and fungi, and their applications in the formulation of healthcare products.