electrochemical reactions

  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    本文概述了电化学液相透射电子显微镜(ELP-TEM)在可视化可充电电池反应中的应用。该技术提供原子尺度的空间分辨率和实时时间分辨率,能够在实际工作条件下直接观察和分析电池材料和工艺。该综述重点介绍了ELP-TEM关于电化学反应机理的主要发现和见解,并讨论了ELP-TEM的当前局限性和未来前景。包括空间和时间分辨率的改进以及可以研究的材料和系统范围的扩展。此外,该综述强调了ELP-TEM在理解和优化高性能设计和制造方面的关键作用,持久耐用的可充电电池。
    This review presents an overview of the application of electrochemical liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (ELP-TEM) in visualizing rechargeable battery reactions. The technique provides atomic-scale spatial resolution and real-time temporal resolution, enabling direct observation and analysis of battery materials and processes under realistic working conditions. The review highlights key findings and insights obtained by ELP-TEM on the electrochemical reaction mechanisms and discusses the current limitations and future prospects of ELP-TEM, including improvements in spatial and temporal resolution and the expansion of the scope of materials and systems that can be studied. Furthermore, the review underscores the critical role of ELP-TEM in understanding and optimizing the design and fabrication of high-performance, long-lasting rechargeable batteries.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    与催化过程和能源应用相关的紧迫问题加速了混合和智能材料的发展。MXenes是一类新的原子层状纳米结构材料,需要大量的研究。定制的形态,强导电性,良好的化学稳定性,大的表面体积比,可调结构,其中一些重要的特性使MXenes适用于各种电化学反应,包括甲烷的干重整,析氢反应,甲醇氧化反应,硫还原反应,Suzuki-Miyaura偶联反应,水煤气变换反应,等等。MXenes,另一方面,有团聚的根本缺点,以及较差的长期可回收性和稳定性。克服这些限制的一种可能性是纳米片或纳米颗粒与MXene的融合。在这里,关于合成的相关文献,催化稳定性和可重复使用性,讨论了几种基于MXene的纳米催化剂的应用,包括新型基于MXene的催化剂的优缺点。
    The urgent issues related to the catalytic processes and energy applications have accelerated the development of hybrid and smart materials. MXenes are a new family of atomic layered nanostructured materials that require considerable research. Tailorable morphologies, strong electrical conductivity, great chemical stability, large surface-to-volume ratios, tunable structures, among others are some significant characteristics that make MXenes appropriate for various electrochemical reactions, including dry reforming of methane, hydrogen evolution reaction, methanol oxidation reaction, sulfur reduction reaction, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction, water-gas shift reaction, and so forth. MXenes, on the other hand, have a fundamental drawback of agglomeration, as well as poor long-term recyclability and stability. One possibility for overcoming the restrictions is the fusion of nanosheets or nanoparticles with MXenes. Herein, the relevant literature on the synthesis, catalytic stability and reusability, and applications of several MXene-based nanocatalysts are deliberated including the merits and cons of the newer MXene-based catalysts.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    自从发现石墨烯以来,二维材料家族的研究一直是一个蓬勃发展的领域。金属磷硫族化物(MPX3)由于其独特的物理和化学性质而引起了新的关注。MPX3的优点,如可调分层结构,独特的电子特性,热力学上适当的能带排列和表面上丰富的催化活性位点,使MPX3材料在电催化方面具有巨大的潜力。在这次审查中,近年来MPX3电催化剂的应用,包括析氢反应,析氧反应,和氧还原反应,是总结的。结构性调节,化学掺杂和多材料复合,通常是有效和实用的研究方法,以进一步优化这些材料的催化性能,被介绍。最后,讨论了MPX3材料电催化应用的挑战和机遇。本报告旨在推动未来开发MPX3和相关电催化材料的努力。
    Since the discovery of graphene, research on the family of 2D materials has been a thriving field. Metal phosphorous chalcogenides (MPX3 ) have attracted renewed attention due to their distinctive physical and chemical properties. The advantages of MPX3 , such as tunable layered structures, unique electronic properties, thermodynamically appropriate band alignments and abundant catalytic active sites on the surface, make MPX3 material great potential in electrocatalysis. In this review, the applications of MPX3 electrocatalysts in recent years, including hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, and oxygen reduction reaction, are summarized. Structural regulation, chemical doping and multi-material composite that are often effective and practical research methods to further optimize the catalytic properties of these materials, are introduced. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for electrocatalytic applications of MPX3 materials are discussed. This report aims to advance future efforts to develop MPX3 and related materials for electrocatalysis.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    电催化和电合成,转换电能并以化学形式储存它们,被认为是利用绿色可再生能源的有前途的技术。大多数研究集中在开发新的活性分子或先进的电极,以提高性能。然而,直接获取和电子转移将受到电极固有特性的限制。介绍氧化还原介体,在不改变最终产品的情况下,作为中间电子载体或储库,提供了一种独特的方法来加速这些能量转换的电化学性能。这篇综述概述了使用氧化还原介体的电催化和电合成的最新发展,并对这些系统的原理和建设进行了全面的讨论。
    Electrocatalysis and electrosynthesis, which convert the electrical energy and store them in the chemical forms, have been considered as promising technologies to utilize green renewable energy sources. Most of the studies focused on developing novel active molecules or advanced electrodes to improve the performance. However, the direct acquisition and electron transferring will be limited by the intrinsic characters of the electrodes. The introduce of redox mediators, which are served as the intermediate electron carriers or reservoirs without changing the final products, provide a unique approach to accelerate the electrochemical performance of these energy conversions. This review provides an overview of the recent development of electrocatalysis and electrosynthesis by using redox mediators, and provides a comprehensive discussion toward focusing on the principles and construction of these systems.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    电化学反应的可视化对于全面理解电化学反应机理和精确表征动态电化学过程至关重要。在这里,我们提出了一个简单的装置,结合光寻址电位传感器(LAPS)成像和微电极作为一个通用的电分析平台的无标记传感和成像的电化学反应。在这个装置中,两个微电极组装在LAPS芯片上。可以使用对反应产物敏感的LAPS芯片对微电极上发生的电化学反应进行定性和定量观察和可视化。进行验证以监测微电极周围的水电解和亚铁氰化钾氧化的影响,分别。我们相信,这项研究将为电化学反应的可视化和监测提供一个极好的平台,并将LAPS成像的应用范围拓宽到广泛适用于多个领域的通用电分析工具。
    Visualization of the electrochemical reaction is essential for comprehensively understanding the electrochemical reaction mechanism and precisely characterizing dynamic electrochemical processes. Herein, we propose a simple device that combines light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) imaging and microelectrodes to serve as a general electroanalysis platform for the label-free sensing and imaging of electrochemical reactions. In this device, two microelectrodes are assembled on the LAPS chip. Electrochemical reactions occurring on the microelectrodes can be qualitatively and quantitatively observed and visualized using a LAPS chip that is sensitive to the reaction products. Validations were performed to monitor the effect of water electrolysis and potassium ferrocyanide oxidation surrounding the microelectrodes, respectively. We believe that this study will provide an excellent platform for the visualization and monitoring of electrochemical reactions and broaden the application scope of LAPS imaging to a general electroanalysis tool that is widely applicable in several fields.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    金属气凝胶合成的一般策略,包括单金属,过渡金属掺杂,多金属掺杂,描述了纳米金属掺杂的碳气凝胶。此外,讨论了上述几种金属气凝胶在电催化CO2还原中的最新应用。最后,考虑到电催化CO2还原技术未来应用的可能性,提出了工业化的愿景和可以优化的方向。
    General strategies for metal aerogel synthesis, including single-metal, transition-metal doped, multi-metal-doped, and nano-metal-doped carbon aerogel are described. In addition, the latest applications of several of the above-mentioned metal aerogels in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction are discussed. Finally, considering the possibility of future applications of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction technology, a vision for industrialization and directions that can be optimized are proposed.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在生物系统中广泛研究了由表面能和多尺度微/纳米结构的合作引起的超润湿界面。从生物界面获得的基本理解增强了在不同维度下对润湿性的控制,如2D曲面,1D光纤和通道,和3D架构,从而允许操纵液体的传输物理,气体,和离子,深刻影响化学反应和材料制造。在这种情况下,突出了基于超润湿界面的新化学的进展,从大规模运输动力学开始,包括液体,气体,和离子传输。在以下各节中,讨论了超润湿性介导的传输动力学对化学反应和材料制造的影响。超润湿性科学大大提高了化学反应的效率,包括光催化,生物电子,电化学,和有机催化反应,通过实现高效的大众运输。对于材料制造,超润湿界面在操纵固体表面上液体的运输和微流体动力学方面至关重要,导致低维单晶阵列和高质量聚合物薄膜的空间调控生长。最后,提出了对未来方向的看法。
    Superwetting interfaces arising from the cooperation of surface energy and multiscale micro/nanostructures are extensively studied in biological systems. Fundamental understandings gained from biological interfaces boost the control of wettability under different dimensionalities, such as 2D surfaces, 1D fibers and channels, and 3D architectures, thus permitting manipulation of the transport physics of liquids, gases, and ions, which profoundly impacts chemical reactions and material fabrication. In this context, the progress of new chemistry based on superwetting interfaces is highlighted, beginning with mass transport dynamics, including liquid, gas, and ion transport. In the following sections, the impacts of the superwettability-mediated transport dynamics on chemical reactions and material fabrication is discussed. Superwettability science has greatly enhanced the efficiency of chemical reactions, including photocatalytic, bioelectronic, electrochemical, and organic catalytic reactions, by realizing efficient mass transport. For material fabrication, superwetting interfaces are pivotal in the manipulation of the transport and microfluidic dynamics of liquids on solid surfaces, leading to the spatially regulated growth of low-dimensional single-crystalline arrays and high-quality polymer films. Finally, a perspective on future directions is presented.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    污泥处理和处置已成为中国的关键环境问题。电脱水(ED)是一种有吸引力的技术,用于增强脱水能力和改善废物活性污泥(WAS)处理的可持续性。然而,电辅助的机械脱水过程消耗更多的能量,并且由电化学反应引起的胞外聚合物(EPS)溶解可导致滤布的堵塞。碳基材料(CBM)如活性炭和石墨具有导电性和可吸附生物聚合物的发达的孔结构。因此,添加CBM有望通过增强污泥电导率和可过滤性来改善燃料处理的WAS电脱水性能。在这项研究中,我们评估了三种碳材料(AC-0,AC-5和石墨)对污泥电脱水行为和污泥饼可燃性的影响。结果表明,CBMs促进了WAS电脱水的性能,碳材料对污泥电脱水的促进作用与碳材料的电导率成正比,和碳材料可以增加污泥絮凝物的电泳迁移率和电渗效应。此外,CBM可以吸附溶解的EPS,从而减轻过滤介质的堵塞和过滤阻力。添加CBM还降低了电脱水过程中除水的能耗,并提高了污泥饼的热值和可持续燃烧时间。我们的方法可以促进电脱水过程中脱水污泥饼的资源化利用。
    Sludge treatment and disposal have become critical environmental issues in China. Electro-dewatering (ED) is an attractive technology for enhancing dewaterability and improving the sustainability of waste activated sludge (WAS) handling. However, electrically assisted mechanical dewatering processes consume more energy and the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) dissolution caused by electrochemical reactions can lead to clogging of the filter cloth. Carbon-based materials (CBMs) such as activated carbon and graphite have electrical conductivity and well-developed pore structures which can adsorb the biopolymers. Therefore, addition of CBMs is expected to improve WAS electro-dewatering performance for fuel treatment by enhancing sludge conductivity and filterability. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the three carbon materials (AC-0, AC-5, and graphite) on sludge electro-dewatering behavior and the flammability of sludge cakes. The results showed that CBMs promote the performance of WAS electro-dewatering, and the promoting effect of the carbon materials on the sludge electro-dewatering is proportional to the electrical conductivity of the carbon material, and carbon materials can increase the electrophoretic mobility of sludge flocs and the electro-osmotic effect. Moreover, CBMs can adsorb the dissolved EPS, thus alleviate the plugging and filtration resistance of the filter medium. The addition of CBMs also decreases the energy consumption for water removal during the electro-dewatering process and improves the calorific value and sustainable combustion time of the sludge cake. Our approach can facilitate the resource utilization of the dewatered sludge cake in electro-dewatering processes.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    探索了一类新的富硫硫化磷分子(P4S10n)及其与金属Li的电化学反应机理。这些P4S10+n分子是通过P4S10和S之间的反应合成的。P4系列S10+n分子中的P4S40分子提供了最高的容量,在100mAg-1下具有1223mAhg-1的首次放电容量,并在100次循环后在500mAg-1下稳定在约720mAhg-1。这种新型的富含硫的P4S10+n分子及其室温Li+存储的电化学行为可以为硫化磷分子和高能电池提供新的见解。
    A new family of sulfur-rich phosphorus sulfide molecules (P4 S10+n ) and their electrochemical reaction mechanism with metallic Li has been explored. These P4 S10+n molecules are synthesized by the reaction between P4 S10 and S. For Li batteries, the P4 S40 molecule in the series of P4 S10+n molecules provides the highest capacity, which has a first discharge capacity of 1223 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 and stabilizes at approximately 720 mAh g-1 at 500 mA g-1 after 100 cycles. This new class of sulfur-rich P4 S10+n molecules and its electrochemical behavior for room-temperature Li+ storage could provide novel insights for phosphorus sulfide molecules and high-energy batteries.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    提出了由“亲石”氮掺杂的石墨烯骨架和“亲硫性”镍-铁层状双氢氧化物(LDH@NG)构成的协同界面,以协同地提供与多硫化物结合的双官能Li和S,抑制多硫化物穿梭,和电催化活性对形成锂硫化物的高性能锂硫电池。LDH@NG可实现高速率功能,寿命长,和硫和锂电极的有效稳定。
    A cooperative interface constructed by \"lithiophilic\" nitrogen-doped graphene frameworks and \"sulfiphilic\" nickel-iron layered double hydroxides (LDH@NG) is proposed to synergistically afford bifunctional Li and S binding to polysulfides, suppression of polysulfide shuttles, and electrocatalytic activity toward formation of lithium sulfides for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. LDH@NG enables high rate capability, long lifespan, and efficient stabilization of both sulfur and lithium electrodes.
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