抗菌素耐药性是一个全球性的公共卫生问题,主要是由抗生素的广泛过度使用引起的。然而,由于许多发展中国家缺乏国家数据库,动物中的抗菌药物使用数据并不容易获得,包括尼泊尔。这项研究是为了估计2018年至2020年间尼泊尔可用的抗菌药物的数量,作为其在食品生产动物中使用的指标。数据是通过针对主要利益相关者的调查收集的:(i)药品管理局(DDA),尼泊尔政府(GoN)批准尼泊尔兽医用抗菌药物,(二)尼泊尔生产的抗微生物药物兽药,(iii)兽药进口商购买的抗菌药物DDA和兽医进口商协会,及(四)海关署,GoN,通过海关采购的抗生素。数据显示,在这3年里,共有96个商品名,包括代表10类的35属抗生素,在尼泊尔生产或进口。总的来说,91,088公斤,47,694公斤,2018年、2019年和2020年分别有45671公斤抗菌药物活性成分。这些抗生素都不是为了促进生长,但主要是为了治疗目的。土霉素,替米考星,2020年,磺胺嘧啶是尼泊尔最常用的抗生素之一。土霉素主要用于肠胃外应用,而替米考星仅用于口服。磺胺嘧啶可口服使用,除了一小部分用于注射目的。氨基糖苷类,氟喹诺酮类药物,硝基呋喃,磺胺类药物,四环素主要是在当地生产的,而头孢菌素,大环内酯类和“其他”类抗微生物药物被进口。氨酚和青霉素仅进口,硝基呋喃仅在当地生产。总的来说,除了四环素,2020年本地生产和/或进口的抗菌药物量低于2018年,这与可用抗菌药物总量呈下降趋势相对应.此外,在随后的几年中,至关重要的抗生素的使用有所减少,尤其是一类抗生素.最后,这项研究首次为尼泊尔食品生产动物中抗菌药物使用的未来监测建立了基准。这些数据对风险分析很有用,规划,解释耐药性监测数据,并评估谨慎使用的有效性,努力,和缓解策略。
Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health problem and is primarily driven by the widespread overuse of antibiotics. However, antimicrobial use data in animals are not readily available due to the absence of a national database in many developing countries, including Nepal. This study was conducted to estimate the quantities of antimicrobials available in Nepal as an indicator of their use in food-producing animals between 2018 and 2020. Data were collected through surveys targeting major stakeholders: (i) the Department of Drug Administration (DDA), the Government of Nepal (GoN) for the authorized antimicrobials for veterinary use in Nepal, (ii) veterinary pharmaceuticals for antimicrobials produced in Nepal, (iii) the DDA and Veterinary Importers Association for antimicrobials bought by veterinary drug importers, and (iv) the Department of Customs, GoN, for antibiotics sourced through customs. Data showed that in the 3 years, a total of 96 trade names, comprising 35 genera of antibiotics representing 10 classes, were either produced or imported in Nepal. In total, 91,088 kg, 47,694 kg, and 45,671 kg of active ingredients of antimicrobials were available in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. None of the antibiotics were intended for growth promotion, but were primarily for therapeutic purposes. Oxytetracycline, tilmicosin, and sulfadimidine were among the most-used antibiotics in Nepal in 2020. Oxytetracycline was primarily intended for parenteral application, whereas tilmicosin was solely for oral use. Sulfadimidine was available for oral use, except for a small proportion for injection purposes. Aminoglycosides, fluroquinolones, nitrofurans, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines were mostly produced locally, whereas cephalosporins, macrolides and \"other\" classes of antimicrobials were imported. Amphenicols and penicillins were exclusively imported and nitrofurans were produced locally only. In general, except for tetracyclines, the volume of antimicrobials produced locally and/or imported in 2020 was lower than that in 2018, which corresponded to a decreasing trend in total antimicrobials available. Furthermore, the subsequent years have seen a decrease in the use of critically important antibiotics, particularly class I antibiotics. Finally, this study has firstly established a benchmark for future monitoring of antimicrobial usage in food-producing animals in Nepal. These data are useful for risk analysis, planning, interpreting resistance surveillance data, and evaluating the effectiveness of prudent use, efforts, and mitigation strategies.