BACKGROUND: Radiation exposure in medical settings stands as the primary source of artificial radiation, compounded by the yearly rise in healthcare worker numbers. Ensuring radiation protection is crucial for safeguarding their occupational health. Nevertheless, existing studies on radiation protection behavior exhibit considerable heterogeneity due to various factors.
OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aims to explore the current status of research on radiation protection behavior and identify research gaps, intending to guide future research directions.
METHODS: The scoping review will follow the Arksey and O\'Malley framework and the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. A systematic search will be conducted across English databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Medline, as well as Chinese databases such as CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and China Biomedical Literature Database. Two independent reviewers will screen the studies based on predefined eligibility criteria and extract the data. Any disagreements will be resolved through discussion by a third reviewer. The review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews.
CONCLUSIONS: A stakeholder consultation will provide an opportunity to validate the findings and address any potential gaps in the article. In this scoping review, all types of studies will be considered. The effectiveness of the methodological quality of the included studies will not be reported, which may lead to some studies of poor quality being included. Only studies published in English or Chinese after 2010 will be considered in this review, potentially leading to the omission of relevant papers.

Amifostine (AMF) as the first-line radiation protection drug, usually suffered from low compliance and short half-life upon clinical applications. The development of oral drug delivery system (DDS) for AMF is a promising solution. However, the inherent shortages of AMF present significant challenges in the design of suitable oral DDS. Here in this study, we utilized the ability of calcium ions to bind with AMF and prepared AMF loaded calcium carbonate (CC) core, CC/AMF, using phase transferred coprecipitation method. We further modified the CC/AMF using phospholipids to prepare AMF loaded lipid-calcium carbonate (LCC) hybrid nanoparticles (LCC/AMF) via a thin-film dispersion method. LCC/AMF combines the oral advantages of lipid nanoparticles with the drug-loading capabilities of CC, which was shown as uniform nano-sized formulation with decent stability in aqueous solution. With favorable intestinal transport and absorption effects, it effectively enhances the in vivo radiation protection efficacy of AMF through oral administration. More importantly, we further investigated the cellular accumulation profile and intracellular transport mechanism of LCC/AMF using MDCK and Caco-2 cell lines as models. This research not only alters the current administration method of AMF to enhance its convenience and compliance, but also provides insights and guidance for the development of more suitable oral DDS for AMF in the future.

UNASSIGNED: Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a commonly used biomedical polymer material with good water solubility, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and low toxicity. The aim of this study is to investigate the antioxidant mechanism and clinical potential of PVP modified selenium nanoparticles (PVP-Se NPs) as a new radioprotective agent.
UNASSIGNED: A laser particle size analyzer and transmission electron microscope were used to characterize PVP-Se nanoparticles prepared by chemical reduction. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to evaluate the radiation protective effects of PVP-Se NPs. SD rats were employed as an in vivo model to identify the most effective concentration of PVP-Se NPs and assess their potential radioprotective properties. Western blot (WB) was used to detect the expression of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling proteins in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and rat liver and kidney tissues.
UNASSIGNED: PVP-Se NPs could reduce the oxidative stress injury and inflammatory response caused by X-ray irradiation in HUVECs and rats, and inhibit cell apoptosis by modulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. PVP-Se NPs could increase HUVECs viability, reduce apoptosis, inhibit inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, improve the survival rate of rats, promote antioxidant enzyme activities in cells and rats, reduce malondialdehyde concentration in serum, and reduce the expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in cell supernatant and liver and kidney tissues. PVP-Se NPs could significantly reduce the phosphorylation levels of NF-κB and MAPK pathway-associated proteins in HUVECs and rat liver and kidney tissues (p < 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: PVP-Se NPs can protect against radiation-induced oxidative damage by modulating NF-kB and MAPK pathways, providing a theoretical basis and experimental data for their use as an effective radioprotective agent.

Radiological science and nuclear technology have made great strides in the twenty-first century, with wide-ranging applications in various fields, including energy, medicine, and industry. However, those developments have been accompanied by the inherent risks of exposure to nuclear radiation, which is a source of concern owing to its potentially adverse effects on human health and safety and which is of particular relevance to medical personnel who may be exposed to certain cancers associated with low-dose radiation in their working environment. While medical radiation workers have seen a decrease in their occupational exposure since the 1950s thanks to improved measures for radiation protection, a concerning lack of understanding and awareness persists among medical professionals regarding these potential hazards and the required safety precautions. This issue is further compounded by insufficient capabilities in emergency response. This highlights the urgent need to strengthen radiation safety education and training to ensure the well-being of medical staff who play a critical role in radiological and nuclear emergencies. This review examines the health hazards of nuclear radiation to healthcare workers and the awareness and willingness and education of healthcare workers on radiation protection, calling for improved training programs and emergency response skills to mitigate the risks of radiation exposure in the occupational environment, providing a catalyst for future enhancement of radiation safety protocols and fostering of a culture of safety in the medical community.

UNASSIGNED: Mitochondrial oxidative stress is an important factor in cell apoptosis. Cerium oxide nanomaterials show great potential for scavenging free radicals and simulating superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. To solve the problem of poor targeting of cerium oxide nanomaterials, we designed albumin-cerium oxide nanoclusters (TPP-PCNLs) that target the modification of mitochondria with triphenyl phosphate (TPP). TPP-PCNLs are expected to simulate the activity of superoxide dismutase, continuously remove reactive oxygen species, and play a lasting role in radiation protection.
UNASSIGNED: First, cerium dioxide nanoclusters (CNLs), polyethylene glycol cerium dioxide nanoclusters (PCNLs), and TPP-PCNLs were characterized in terms of their morphology and size, ultraviolet spectrum, dispersion stability and cellular uptake, and colocalization Subsequently, the anti-radiation effects of TPP-PCNLs were investigated using in vitro and in vivo experiments including cell viability, apoptosis, comet assays, histopathology, and dose reduction factor (DRF).
UNASSIGNED: TPP-PCNLs exhibited good stability and biocompatibility. In vitro experiments indicated that TPP-PCNLs could not only target mitochondria excellently but also regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS)levels in whole cells. More importantly, TPP-PCNLs improved the integrity and functionality of mitochondria in irradiated L-02 cells, thereby indirectly eliminating the continuous damage to nuclear DNA caused by mitochondrial oxidative stress. TPP-PCNLs are mainly targeted to the liver, spleen, and other extramedullary hematopoietic organs with a radiation dose reduction factor of 1.30. In vivo experiments showed that TPP-PCNLs effectively improved the survival rate, weight change, hematopoietic function of irradiated animals. Western blot experiments have confirmed that TPP-PCNLs play a role in radiation protection by regulating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
UNASSIGNED: TPP-PCNLs play a radiologically protective role by targeting extramedullary hematopoietic organ-liver cells and mitochondria to continuously clear ROS.

The simultaneous objectives of destroying tumor cells while protecting normal pelvic organs present a dual clinical and technical challenge within the realm of pelvic tumor radiotherapy. This article reviews the latest literatures, focusing on technological innovations in key aspects of radiotherapy such as positioning, planning, and delivery. These include positioning fixation techniques, organ-at-risk avoidance irradiation, non-coplanar irradiation techniques, as well as organ displacement protection and image-guided adaptive techniques. It summarizes and discusses the research progress made in the protection of critical organs during pelvic tumor radiotherapy. The paper emphasizes technological advancements in the protection of critical organs throughout the processes of radiotherapy positioning, planning, and implementation, aiming to provide references for further research on the protection of critical organs in the external irradiation treatment of pelvic tumors.
如何在摧毁肿瘤细胞的同时保护盆腔内的正常器官，是盆腔肿瘤放射治疗领域在临床和技术上面临的双重挑战。本文通过评述最新文献，聚焦于放疗定位、计划设计、实施等关键环节中的技术创新，包括：摆位固定技术、危及器官避让照射技术和非共面照射技术，以及器官移位保护和图像引导的自适应技术等，总结并讨论了盆腔肿瘤放疗中危及器官保护的研究进展。本文重点关注放疗定位、计划设计、实施各环节中危及器官保护的技术进展，旨在为盆腔肿瘤外照射放疗中危及器官保护的进一步研究奠定基础。.

The article reviews the historical developments in radiation dose metrices in medical imaging. It identifies the good, the bad, and the ugly aspects of current-day metrices. The actions on shifting focus from International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Reference-Man-based population-average phantoms to patient-specific computational phantoms have been proposed and discussed. Technological developments in recent years involving AI-based automatic organ segmentation and \'near real-time\' Monte Carlo dose calculations suggest the feasibility and advantage of obtaining patient-specific organ doses. It appears that the time for ICRP and other international organizations to embrace \'patient-specific\' dose quantity representing risk may have finally come. While the existing dose metrices meet specific demands, emphasis needs to be also placed on making radiation units understandable to the medical community.

Protection against ionizing radiations is important in laboratories with radioactive materials and high energy cyclotron beams. The Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC) located in Tohoku University in Miyagi prefecture, Japan and is a well-known nuclear science laboratory with cyclotron beams and substantial number of high activity radioactive materials. Considering this, it is important to perform complete radiation transport computations to ensure the safety of non-occupational and occupational workers. In the present work, we have developed a complete 3-dimensional model of the main cyclotron building and radiation labs using Monte Carlo method. We have found that the dispersed photons and neutrons inside and in the surrounding of the CYRIC building pose no significant risk to occupational and non-occupational workers. The present work and the developed models would be useful in the field of radiation protection.

UNASSIGNED: Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a general education course titled \"The Basis of Radiation Protection\" in building and strengthening undergraduate awareness of radiation safety and cultivating innovative individuals with reasonable knowledge structures and strong practical abilities. Methods: All students from 2021 to 2022 enrolled in the core general education course \"The Basis of Radiation Protection\" at Shandong University of China were invited to participate. A questionnaire survey was conducted to determine changes in the students\' basic cognition of radiation safety and scientific protection before and after the course. Results: The survey indicated that the cognitive level of radiation science protection had significantly improved through course completion. The Liszt quantification score range increased from 3.45 to 4.77 to 4.81 to 4.98 (p < 0.001). Further analysis revealed that different professional backgrounds significantly affected students\' understanding of radiation safety protection; medical students were superior to electrical engineering students in their knowledge of ionizing radiation before the course (p < 0.001). However, after course completion, the understanding of students from both majors regarding radiation safety had relatively improved, and no significant difference was detected (p > 0.05). Feedback on the course showed that the awareness of \"daily radiation protection\" had significantly improved (96.8%), pseudoscience and pseudo-information could be correctively identified (93.6%), \"nuclear power\"-related fears had been dispelled (95.7%), and the concept of \"cherishing life\" had been effectively established (91.5%). Conclusion: The course effectively improved the awareness of radiation safety, strengthened the knowledge system, and provided a new way to cultivate innovative talent with reasonable knowledge structures.

In recent years, the intersection of the academic and medical domains has increasingly spotlighted the utilization of biomaterials in radioactive disease treatment and radiation protection. Biomaterials, distinguished from conventional molecular pharmaceuticals, offer a suite of advantages in addressing radiological conditions. These include their superior biological activity, chemical stability, exceptional histocompatibility, and targeted delivery capabilities. This review comprehensively delineates the therapeutic mechanisms employed by various biomaterials in treating radiological afflictions impacting the skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and hematopoietic systems. Significantly, these nanomaterials function not only as efficient drug delivery vehicles but also as protective agents against radiation, mitigating its detrimental effects on the human body. Notably, the strategic amalgamation of specific biomaterials with particular pharmacological agents can lead to a synergistic therapeutic outcome, opening new avenues in the treatment of radiation- induced diseases. However, despite their broad potential applications, the biosafety and clinical efficacy of these biomaterials still require in-depth research and investigation. Ultimately, this review aims to not only bridge the current knowledge gaps in the application of biomaterials for radiation-induced diseases but also to inspire future innovations and research directions in this rapidly evolving field.