BACKGROUND: The establishment of diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) is challenge for interventional neuroradiology (INR) due to the complexity and variability of its procedures.
OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this systematic review is to analyse and compare DRLs in fluoroscopy-guided procedures in INR.
METHODS: An observational study reporting DRLs in INR procedures, specifically cerebral arteriography, cerebral aneurysm embolisation, cerebral thrombectomy, embolisation of arteriovenous malformations (AVM), arteriovenous fistulas (AVF), retinoblastoma embolisation, and spinal cord arteriography. Comprehensive literature searches for relevant studies published between 2017 and 2023 were conducted using the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases.
RESULTS: A total of 303 articles were identified through an extensive literature search, with 159 removed due to duplication. The title and abstract of 144 studies were assessed and excluded if they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Thirty-one out of the 144 articles were selected for a thorough full-text screening. Twenty-one articles were included in the review after the complete text screening.
CONCLUSIONS: The different conditions of patients undergoing INR procedures pose a barrier to the standardization of DRLs; nevertheless, they are extremely important for monitoring and optimising radiological practices.

BACKGROUND: Radiation exposure in medical settings stands as the primary source of artificial radiation, compounded by the yearly rise in healthcare worker numbers. Ensuring radiation protection is crucial for safeguarding their occupational health. Nevertheless, existing studies on radiation protection behavior exhibit considerable heterogeneity due to various factors.
OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aims to explore the current status of research on radiation protection behavior and identify research gaps, intending to guide future research directions.
METHODS: The scoping review will follow the Arksey and O\'Malley framework and the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. A systematic search will be conducted across English databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Medline, as well as Chinese databases such as CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and China Biomedical Literature Database. Two independent reviewers will screen the studies based on predefined eligibility criteria and extract the data. Any disagreements will be resolved through discussion by a third reviewer. The review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews.
CONCLUSIONS: A stakeholder consultation will provide an opportunity to validate the findings and address any potential gaps in the article. In this scoping review, all types of studies will be considered. The effectiveness of the methodological quality of the included studies will not be reported, which may lead to some studies of poor quality being included. Only studies published in English or Chinese after 2010 will be considered in this review, potentially leading to the omission of relevant papers.

Electronic systems and telecommunications have grown in popularity, leading to increasing electromagnetic (EM) radiation pollution. Environmental protection from EM radiation demands the use of environmentally friendly products. The design of EM interference (EMI) shielding materials using resources like nanocellulose (NC) is gaining traction. Cellulose, owing to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and excellent mechanical and thermal properties, has attracted significant interest for developing EMI shielding materials. Recent advancements in cellulose-based EMI shielding materials, particularly modified cellulosic composites, are highlighted in this study. By incorporating metallic coatings compounded with conductive fillers and modified with inherently conductive elements, conductivity and effectiveness of EMI shielding can be significantly improved. This review discusses the introduction of EMI shields, cellulose, and NC, assessing environmentally friendly EMI shield options and diverse NC-based composite EMI shields considering their low reflectivity. The study offers new insights into designing advanced NC-based conductive composites for EMI shielding applications.

In 2018, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) released Publication 138, which highlights the ethical values foundational to the system of radiological protection. Additional work, both within and beyond the ICRP, has proposed or recommended ethical values associated with applications of the system in different areas, perhaps most notably in medical, veterinary, and environmental radiological protection. There are also existing ethical frameworks not specifically related to radiological protection that are nonetheless relevant to its practice; for example, the Beauchamp and Childress principles of biomedical ethics are of particular significance when it comes to medical uses of radiation and radioactivity. At first glance, it may seem as if there are unique or isolated sets of ethical values that need to be applied depending on the circumstance. Yet while each area of application will indeed have its own unique aspects and associated value judgements, there are consistent and complementary relationships between these ethical values. This paper reviews the work of the ICRP related to ethics, including brief historical context, and highlights the similarities and differences between sets of ethical values with emphasis on medical, veterinary, and environmental applications of radiological protection.

Background.Anecdotal reports are appearing in the scientific literature about cases of brain tumors in interventional physicians who are exposed to ionizing radiation. In response to this alarm, several designs of leaded caps have been made commercially available. However, the results reported on their efficacy are discordant.Objective.To synthesize, by means of a systematic review of the literature, the capacity of decreasing radiation levels conferred by radiation attenuating devices (RADs) at the cerebral level of interventional physicians.Methodology.A systematic review was performed including the following databases: MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EBSCO, Science Direct, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL), WOS, WHO International Clinical Trials Register, Scielo and Google Scholar, considering original studies that evaluated the efficacy of RAD in experimental or clinical contexts from January 1990 to May 2023. Data selection and extraction were performed in triplicate, with a fourth author resolving discrepancies.Results.Twenty articles were included in the review from a total of 373 studies initially selected from the databases. From these, twelve studies were performed under clinical conditions encompassing 3801 fluoroscopically guided procedures, ten studies were performed under experimental conditions with phantoms, with a total of 88 procedures, four studies were performed using numerical calculations with a total of 63 procedures. The attenuation and effectiveness of provided by the caps analyzed in the present review varying from 12.3% to 99.9%, and 4.9% to 91% respectively.Conclusion.RAD were found to potentially provide radiation protection, but a high heterogeneity in the shielding afforded was found. This indicates the need for local assessment of cap efficiency according to the practice.

Exposure to the radon gas within a building can result in an increased risk of lung cancer. To minimise the health risk, indoor radon concentrations can be reduced using well-established mitigation methods. The performance of various radon reduction methods, their combination as well as other factors that can impact the efficiency of radon mitigation, were analysed using data collected from approximately 2800 dwellings that had installed radon mitigation techniques during the period 2007-2017. As demonstrated previously (Hodgson 2011), active methods are the most effective at reducing high concentrations of radon to below the Action and Target Levels (200 Bq m-3and 100 Bq m-3respectively). Reduction factors of up to 5.5 using single active methods and 8.3 using a combination of active methods were estimated in this study. For indoor radon levels greater than 1 000 Bq m-3, the Active Sump remained the most efficient technique, with the Active Underfloor Ventilation being the second most effective method. Passive methods alone or in combination with other passive methods offered moderate reductions at high radon concentration. Of the passive methods, Underfloor Ventilation was found to have the highest performance with a reduction factor of 1.8. The conclusions of this study should be used to update guidance for stakeholders including householders, contractors, radon awareness campaigns and the UKradon.org website.

UNASSIGNED: This study was conducted to investigate the safety of dental imaging in pregnant women with respect to fetal health.
UNASSIGNED: Searches were conducted of the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases in May 2023. The inclusion criteria encompassed cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that focused on the analysis of diagnostic dental imaging in pregnant women, as well as studies utilizing phantoms to simulate imaging examinations. The exclusion criteria consisted of reviews, letters to the editor, book chapters, and abstracts from scientific conferences and seminars.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 3,913 articles were identified. Based on a review of the titles and abstracts, 3,892 articles were excluded, leaving 21 articles remaining for full-text review. Of these, 18 were excluded, and 4 additional articles were included as cross-references. Ultimately, 7 articles underwent quantitative-qualitative analysis. Three retrospective studies were focused on pregnant women who underwent dental imaging procedures. The remaining 4 studies utilized female phantoms to simulate imaging examinations and represent the radiation doses absorbed by the uterus or thyroid.
UNASSIGNED: Few dental radiology studies have been conducted to determine the safe radiation threshold for pregnant women. Additionally, the reviewed articles did not provide numbers of dental examinations, by type, corresponding to this dose. Dental imaging examinations of pregnant women should not be restricted if clinically indicated. Ultimately, practitioners must be able to justify the examination and should adhere to the \"as low as diagnostically acceptable, being indication-oriented and patient-specific\" (ALADAIP) principle of radioprotection.

UNASSIGNED: The linear no-threshold (LNT) model has been the regulatory \"law of the land\" for decades. Despite the long-standing use of LNT, there is significant ongoing scientific disagreement on the applicability of LNT to low-dose radiation risk. A review of the low-dose risk literature of the last 10 y does not provide a clear answer, but rather the body of literature seems to be split between LNT, non-linear risk functions (e.g., supra- or sub-linear), and hormetic models. Furthermore, recent studies have started to explore whether radiation can play a role in the development of several non-cancer effects, such as heart disease, Parkinson\'s disease, and diabetes, the mechanisms of which are still being explored. Based on this review, there is insufficient evidence to replace LNT as the regulatory model despite the fact that it contributes to public radiophobia, unpreparedness in radiation emergency response, and extreme cleanup costs both following radiological or nuclear incidents and for routine decommissioning of nuclear power plants. Rather, additional research is needed to further understand the implications of low doses of radiation. The authors present an approach to meaningfully contribute to the science of low-dose research that incorporates machine learning and Edisonian approaches to data analysis.

This integrative review analyzed scientific production on musculoskeletal disorders related to personal protective equipment used by interventional radiology teams. The PubMed, Embase, and SciELO databases were searched using a strategy developed with the help of a librarian. The double-blind selection process involved the Rayyan online tool. A total of 12 articles were included, which were organized according to year of publication, country research subjects, study type, and main outcomes. Five thematic categories emerged from the analysis: \"personal protective equipment\"; \"ergonomics in the interventional radiology environment\"; \"the composition of personal protective equipment\"; \"radiation protection for interventional teams\" and \"the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in interventional teams\". Outcomes associated with musculoskeletal disorders among interventional teams predominated in the studies, and advances in radiological protection were reported, especially in shielding technologies, as well as continuing efforts toward more ergonomic protective equipment to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders.
O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a produção científica acerca dos distúrbios musculoesqueléticos relacionados ao uso de equipamentos de proteção individual por profissionais da equipe de radiologia intervencionista. Tratou-se de uma revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase e SciELO. A estratégia de busca foi definida com o auxílio de uma bibliotecária. Os artigos que compuseram a amostra foram selecionados por meio de seleção duplo-cega, utilizando a ferramenta on-line Rayyan. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão determinados, 12 artigos foram selecionados para o desenvolvimento da presente revisão. Os artigos foram organizados por ano e país de origem, sujeitos da pesquisa, tipo de estudo e principais desfechos. Da análise dos estudos selecionados, emergiram cinco categorias temáticas: “dispositivos de proteção radiológica”; “ergonomia no ambiente de radiologia intervencionista”; “composição dos dispositivos de proteção radiológica”; “proteção radiológica da equipe intervencionista”; e “prevalência de sintomas musculoesqueléticos na equipe intervencionista”. A partir da presente revisão integrativa, foi possível identificar um predomínio de desfechos relacionando o trabalho na área intervencionista com o desenvolvimento de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos, bem como de avanços no campo da proteção radiológica, principalmente em tecnologias de blindagem, tornando-as antropometricamente adequadas para diminuir o risco de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos.

UNASSIGNED: A comprehensive search was performed to examine the literature on diagnostic reference levels (DRL) for computed tomography (CT) and radiography examinations that are performed routinely in Jordan. EBSCO, Scopus, and Web of Science were used for the search. The acronym \"DRL\" and the additional phrase \"dose reference levels\" were used to search for articles in literature. Seven papers that reported DRL values for radiography and CT scans in Jordan were identified. One study reported DRLs for conventional radiography, two studies reported CT DRLs in pediatrics, and the remaining four studies provided DRL values for adult CT scans. The most popular techniques for determining the DRLs were the entrance surface dose, volume CT dose index (CTDIvol), and dose-length product (DLP) values. Variations in Jordanian DRL values were noted across both modalities. Lower radiation doses and less variation in DRL values may be achieved by educating and training radiographers to better understand dose reduction strategies. To limit dose variance and enable dosage comparison, CT DRLs must be standardized in accordance with the guidelines of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP).