Colpodella species are close relatives of Apicomplexan protozoa. Although most species of this genus are free-living organisms that feed on other protists and algae, reports indicate their occurence in ticks and human patients, including an individual with a history of tick bite manifesting neurological symptoms. During an investigation of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in blood samples of cattle, goats, and in ticks collected on them, Colpodella sp. DNA was detected in a Rhipicephalus bursa tick collected from cattle, while of Theileria sergenti/buffeli/orientalis, Babesia bigemina, Sarcocystis cruzi, Babesia spp., and Rickettsia spp. were molecularly detected in cattle, goats, and ticks in southern Italy. Data herein reported highlight the unprecedented presence of Colpodella sp. in ticks in Italy, raising concern due to the potential pathogenic role of this less known protozoan. This finding advocates for performing routine epidemiological surveys to monitor potential emerging vector-borne pathogens.

A gradual increase in avian influenza outbreaks has been found in recent years. It is highly possible to trigger the next human pandemic due to the characteristics of antigenic drift and antigenic shift in avian influenza virus (AIV). Although great improvements in understanding influenza viruses and the associated diseases have been unraveled, our knowledge of how these viruses impact the gut microbiome of both poultry and humans, as well as the underlying mechanisms, is still improving. The \"One Health\" approach shows better vitality in monitoring and mitigating the risk of avian influenza, which requires a multi-sectoral effort and highlights the interconnection of human health with environmental sustainability and animal health. Therefore, monitoring the gut microbiome may serve as a sentinel for protecting the common health of the environment, animals, and humans. This review summarizes the interactions between AIV infection and the gut microbiome of poultry and humans and their potential mechanisms. With the presented suggestions, we hope to address the current major challenges in the surveillance and prevention of microbiome-related avian influenza with the \"One Health\" approach.

BACKGROUND: Aquaculture is an important food source worldwide. The extensive use of antibiotics in intensive large-scale farms has resulted in resistance development. Non-intensive aquaculture is another aquatic feeding model that is conducive to ecological protection and closely related to the natural environment. However, the transmission of resistomes in non-intensive aquaculture has not been well characterized. Moreover, the influence of aquaculture resistomes on human health needs to be further understood. Here, metagenomic approach was employed to identify the mobility of aquaculture resistomes and estimate the potential risks to human health.
RESULTS: The results demonstrated that antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were widely present in non-intensive aquaculture systems and the multidrug type was most abundant accounting for 34%. ARGs of non-intensive aquaculture environments were mainly shaped by microbial communities accounting for 51%. Seventy-seven genera and 36 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were significantly associated with 23 ARG types (p < 0.05) according to network analysis. Six ARGs were defined as core ARGs (top 3% most abundant with occurrence frequency > 80%) which occupied 40% of ARG abundance in fish gut samples. Seventy-one ARG-carrying contigs were identified and 75% of them carried MGEs simultaneously. The qacEdelta1 and sul1 formed a stable combination and were detected simultaneously in aquaculture environments and humans. Additionally, 475 high-quality metagenomic-assembled genomes (MAGs) were recovered and 81 MAGs carried ARGs. The multidrug and bacitracin resistance genes were the most abundant ARG types carried by MAGs. Strikingly, Fusobacterium_A (opportunistic human pathogen) carrying ARGs and MGEs were identified in both the aquaculture system and human guts, which indicated the potential risks of ARG transfer.
CONCLUSIONS: The mobility and pathogenicity of aquaculture resistomes were explored by a metagenomic approach. Given the observed co-occurrence of resistomes between the aquaculture environment and human, more stringent regulation of resistomes in non-intensive aquaculture systems may be required. Video Abstract.

Outbreaks of airborne viral emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) cause an increasing burden on global public health, particularly with a backdrop of intensified climate change. However, infection sources and drivers for outbreaks of airborne viral EIDs remain unknown. Here, we aim to explore the driving mechanisms of outbreaks based on the one health perspective. Outbreak information for 20 types of airborne viral EIDs was collected from the Global Infectious Disease and Epidemiology Network database and a systematic literature review. Four statistically significant and high-risk spatiotemporal clusters for airborne viral EID outbreaks were identified globally using multivariate scan statistic tests. There were 112 outbreaks with clear infection sources, and zoonotic spillover was the most common source (95.54%, 107/112). Since 1970, the majority of outbreaks occurred in healthcare facilities (24.82%), followed by schools (17.93%) and animal-related settings (15.93%). Significant associations were detected between the number of earthquakes, storms, duration of floods, and airborne viral EIDs\' outbreaks using a case-crossover study design and multivariable conditional logistic regression. These findings implied that zoonotic spillover and extreme weather events are driving global outbreaks of airborne viral EIDs, and targeted prevention and control measures should be made to reduce the airborne viral EIDs burden.

Bacterial pathogens are one of the major threats to biosafety and environmental health, and advanced assessment is a prerequisite to combating bacterial pathogens. Currently, 16S rRNA gene sequencing is efficient in the open-view detection of bacterial pathogens. However, the taxonomic resolution and applicability of this method are limited by the domain-specific pathogen database, taxonomic profiling method, and sequencing target of 16S variable regions. Here, we present a pipeline of multiple bacterial pathogen detection (MBPD) to identify the animal, plant, and zoonotic pathogens. MBPD is based on a large, curated database of the full-length 16S genes of 1986 reported bacterial pathogen species covering 72,685 sequences. In silico comparison allowed MBPD to provide the appropriate similarity threshold for both full-length and variable-region sequencing platforms, while the subregion of V3-V4 (mean: 88.37%, accuracy rate compared to V1-V9) outperformed other variable regions in pathogen identification compared to full-length sequencing. Benchmarking on real data sets suggested the superiority of MBPD in a broader range of pathogen detections compared with other methods, including 16SPIP and MIP. Beyond detecting the known causal agent of animal, human, and plant diseases, MBPD is capable of identifying cocontaminating pathogens from biological and environmental samples. Overall, we provide a MBPD pipeline for agricultural, veterinary, medical, and environmental monitoring to achieve One Health.

China has been continuously improving its monitoring methods and strategies to address key infectious diseases (KIDs). After the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in 2003, China established a comprehensive reporting system for infectious diseases (IDs) and public health emergencies. The relatively lagging warning thresholds, limited warning information, and outdated warning technology are insufficient to meet the needs of comprehensive monitoring for modern KIDs. Strengthening early monitoring and warning capabilities to enhance the public health system has become a top priority, with increasing demand for early warning thresholds, information, and techniques, thanks to constant innovation and development in molecular biology, bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, and other identification and analysis technologies. A panel of 31 experts has recommended a fourth-generation comprehensive surveillance system targeting KIDs (41 notifiable diseases and emerging IDs). The aim of this surveillance system is to systematically monitor the epidemiology and causal pathogens of KIDs in hosts such as humans, animals, and vectors, along with associated environmental pathogens. By integrating factors influencing epidemic spread and risk assessment, the surveillance system can serve to detect, predict, and provide early warnings for the occurrence, development, variation, and spread of known or novel KIDs. Moreover, we recommend comprehensive ID monitoring based on the fourth-generation surveillance system, along with a data-integrated monitoring and early warning platform and a consortium pathogen detection technology system. This series of considerations is based on systematic and comprehensive monitoring across multiple sectors, dimensions, factors, and pathogens that is supported by data integration and connectivity. This expert consensus will provides an opportunity for collaboration in various fields and relies on interdisciplinary application to enhance comprehensive monitoring, prediction, and early warning capabilities for the next generation of ID surveillance. This expert consensus will serve as a reference for ID prevention and control as well as other related activities.

The emergence and rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance is of global public health concern. The gut microbiota harboring diverse commensal and opportunistic bacteria that can acquire resistance via horizontal and vertical gene transfers is considered an important reservoir and sink of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this review, we describe the reservoirs of gut ARGs and their dynamics in both animals and humans, use the One Health perspective to track the transmission of ARG-containing bacteria between humans, animals, and the environment, and assess the impact of antimicrobial resistance on human health and socioeconomic development. The gut resistome can evolve in an environment subject to various selective pressures, including antibiotic administration and environmental and lifestyle factors (e.g., diet, age, gender, and living conditions), and interventions through probiotics. Strategies to reduce the abundance of clinically relevant antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance determinants in various environmental niches are needed to ensure the mitigation of acquired antibiotic resistance. With the help of effective measures taken at the national, local, personal, and intestinal management, it will also result in preventing or minimizing the spread of infectious diseases. This review aims to improve our understanding of the correlations between intestinal microbiota and antimicrobial resistance and provide a basis for the development of management strategies to mitigate the antimicrobial resistance crisis.

Antibiotic resistance has been recognized as a major challenge worldwide for humans. \"One Health\" has been recognized as a key concept for containment of antibiotic resistance. Under the framework, the role of the environment in the development of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has become increasingly obvious. Despite numerous efforts, response to antibiotic resistance is considered to be inadequate, which is probably due to the lack of a clear roadmap. Here, we propose a \"One Health\" roadmap to combat antibiotic resistance in the environment through (1) understanding environmental resistome. The environmental gene pool has long been recognized as the single largest reservoir of both known and novel ARGs. (2) Standardizing ARG quantification. Systematic joint efforts based on standardized quantification are urgently needed to understand the true tempospatial profiles of the environmental resistome. (3) Identifying mechanisms of resistome development. Horizontal gene transfer and co-selection have been recognized as the two main mechanisms contributing to the environmental resistome. (4) Establishing a risk-assessment framework. The first critical step for large-scale cost-effective targeted ARG management in the environment is the risk assessment to identify the priority ARGs for control. (5) Formulating regulatory standards. By correlating the environmental ARG profile with public health, we may identify the indicator ARGs that can be integrated into current environmental quality standards. (6) Developing control strategies. Systematic analysis of available control technologies is required to identify the most feasible ones to curtail the spread of ARGs in the environment. The proposed roadmap under the \"One Health\" framework provides a guide to tackle antibiotic resistance in the environment.

Sericulture has become widespread globally, and the utilization of artificial diets produces a substantial quantity of silkworm excrement. Although silkworm excrement can be composted for environmentally friendly disposal, the potential utility of the resulting compost remains underexplored. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of this unique compost and screen for eco-beneficial microbes, providing a new perspective on microbial research in waste management, especially in sustainable agriculture. The low-concentration compost application exhibited a greater plant growth-promoting effect, which was attributed to an appropriate nutritional value (N, P, K, and dissolved organic matter) and the presence of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) within the compost. Encouraged by the \"One Health\" concept, the eco-benefits of potent PGPB, namely, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus licheniformis, in sericulture were further evaluated. For plants, K. pneumoniae and B. licheniformis increased plant weight by 152.44 % and 130.91 %, respectively. We also found that even a simple synthetic community composed of the two bacteria performed better than any single bacterium. For animals, K. pneumoniae significantly increased the silkworm (Qiufeng × Baiyu strain) cocoon shell weight by 111.94 %, which could increase sericulture profitability. We also elucidated the mechanism by which K. pneumoniae assisted silkworms in degrading tannic acid, a common plant-derived antifeedant, thereby increasing silkworm feed efficiency. Overall, these findings provide the first data revealing multiple beneficial interactions among silkworm excrement-derived microbes, plants, and animals, highlighting the importance of focusing on microbes in sustainable agriculture.

The global health crisis posed by increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) implicitly requires solutions based a One Health approach, yet multisectoral, multidisciplinary research on AMR is rare and huge knowledge gaps exist to guide integrated action. This is partly because a comprehensive survey of past research activity has never performed due to the massive scale and diversity of published information. Here we compiled 254,738 articles on AMR using Artificial Intelligence (AI; i.e., Natural Language Processing, NLP) methods to create a database and information retrieval system for knowledge extraction on research perfomed over the last 20 years. Global maps were created that describe regional, methodological, and sectoral AMR research activities that confirm limited intersectoral research has been performed, which is key to guiding science-informed policy solutions to AMR, especially in low-income countries (LICs). Further, we show greater harmonisation in research methods across sectors and regions is urgently needed. For example, differences in analytical methods used among sectors in AMR research, such as employing culture-based versus genomic methods, results in poor communication between sectors and partially explains why One Health-based solutions are not ensuing. Therefore, our analysis suggest that performing culture-based and genomic AMR analysis in tandem in all sectors is crucial for data integration and holistic One Health solutions. Finally, increased investment in capacity development in LICs should be prioritised as they are places where the AMR burden is often greatest. Our open-access database and AI methodology can be used to further develop, disseminate, and create new tools and practices for AMR knowledge and information sharing.