The patient, a male newborn, was admitted to the hospital 2 hours after birth due to prematurity (gestational age 27+5 weeks) and respiratory distress occurring 2 hours postnatally. After admission, the infant developed fever and elevated C-reactive protein levels. On the fourth day after birth, metagenomic next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid indicated a positive result for Mycoplasma hominis (9 898 reads). On the eighth day, a retest of cerebrospinal fluid metagenomics confirmed Mycoplasma hominis (56 806 reads). The diagnosis of purulent meningitis caused by Mycoplasma hominis was established, and the antibiotic treatment was switched to moxifloxacin [5 mg/(kg·day)] administered intravenously for a total of 4 weeks. After treatment, the patient\'s cerebrospinal fluid tests returned to normal, and he was discharged as cured on the 76th day after birth. This article focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of neonatal Mycoplasma hominis purulent meningitis, introducing the multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment of the condition in extremely preterm infants.
患儿男，生后2 h，因早产（胎龄27+5周）、生后气促2 h入院。患儿入院后出现发热，血C反应蛋白升高，生后第4天脑脊液宏基因组二代测序示人型支原体阳性（序列数9 898）；生后第8天复查脑脊液宏基因组二代测序示人型支原体阳性（序列数56 806）阳性。患儿人型支原体化脓性脑膜炎诊断明确，抗生素调整为莫西沙星静脉滴注［5 mg/（kg·d）］，总疗程4周。治疗后患儿脑脊液检查恢复正常，于生后第76天治愈出院。该文对新生儿人型支原体化脓性脑膜炎的诊断和治疗进行重点描述，介绍超早产儿人型支原体化脓性脑膜炎的多学科诊疗。.

BACKGROUND: There is uncertainty and lack of consensus regarding optimal management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). We aimed to determine current clinical practice in PDA management across a range of different regions internationally.
METHODS: We surveyed PDA management practices in neonatal intensive care units using a pre-piloted web-based survey, which was distributed to perinatal societies in 31 countries. The survey was available online from March 2018 to March 2019.
RESULTS: There were 812 responses. The majority of clinicians (54%) did not have institutional protocols for PDA treatment, and 42% reported variable management within their own unit. Among infants <28 weeks (or <1,000 g), most clinicians (60%) treat symptomatically. Respondents in Australasia were more likely to treat PDA pre-symptomatically (44% vs. 18% all countries [OR 4.1; 95% CI 2.6-6.5; p < 0.001]), and respondents from North America were more likely to treat symptomatic PDA (67% vs. 60% all countries [OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.5-2.6; p < 0.001]). In infants ≥28 weeks (or ≥1,000 g), most clinicians (54%) treat symptomatically. Respondents in North America were more likely to treat PDAs in this group of infants conservatively (47% vs. 38% all countries [OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.7-3.2; p < 0.001]), and respondents from Asia were more likely to treat the PDA pre-symptomatically (21% vs. 7% all countries [OR 5.5; 95% CI 3.2-9.8; p < 0.001]).
CONCLUSIONS: There were marked international differences in clinical practice, highlighting ongoing uncertainty and a lack of consensus regarding PDA management. An international conglomeration to coordinate research that prioritises and addresses these areas of contention is indicated.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors and prognosis of hypotension within 72 hours after birth in extremely preterm infants.
METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data of extremely preterm infants admitted to the Children\'s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine from January 2019 to April 2022. Based on the presence of hypotension within 72 hours after birth, the eligible infants were divided into a hypotension group (41 cases) and a normotension group (82 cases). The clinical characteristics, echocardiographic parameters within 72 hours after birth, and early complications were compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors for hypotension within 72 hours after birth, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive value of relevant indicators for the occurrence of hypotension within 72 hours after birth in the preterm infants.
RESULTS: The proportion of infants who required medication or surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), the proportions of infants with intraventricular hemorrhage ≥ grade III and severe pulmonary hemorrhage, and the mortality rate within 7 days in the hypotension group were significantly higher than those in the normotension group (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that lower birth weight, larger PDA diameter, and hemodynamically significant PDA were risk factors for the occurrence of hypotension within 72 hours after birth in extremely preterm infants (P<0.05). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the combination of birth weight, PDA diameter, and hemodynamically significant PDA had an area under the curve of 0.873 (95%CI: 0.802-0.944, P<0.05) for predicting hypotension within 72 hours after birth, with a sensitivity of 73.2% and specificity of 91.5%.
CONCLUSIONS: Hypotension within 72 hours after birth is closely related to birth weight and PDA, and increases the risk of early severe complications and mortality in extremely preterm infants.
目的: 探讨超早产儿生后72 h内低血压的危险因素和预后。方法: 回顾性分析2019年1月—2022年4月于浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院收治的超早产儿住院期间的临床资料。根据生后72 h内是否存在低血压，将入选患儿分为低血压组（41例）和正常血压组（82例），比较2组的临床特征、出生后72 h内的超声心动图参数和早期并发症，并采用多因素logistic回归分析探讨生后72 h内低血压的危险因素。采用受试者操作特征曲线分析评估相关指标预测超早产儿生后72 h内发生低血压的价值。结果: 低血压组7 d内药物或手术关闭动脉导管未闭（patent ductus arteriosus, PDA）、≥Ⅲ度脑室内出血和严重肺出血的患儿比例及7 d内病死率显著高于正常血压组（P<0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示，出生体重较低、PDA直径较大及有血流动力学意义的PDA是超早产儿生后72 h内发生低血压的危险因素（P<0.05）。受试者操作特征曲线分析显示，出生体重、PDA直径、有血流动力学意义的PDA 3个指标联合预测超早产儿生后72 h内发生低血压的曲线下面积为0.873（95%CI：0.802~0.944，P<0.05），灵敏度和特异度分别为73.2%和91.5%。结论: 超早产儿生后72 h内低血压的发生与出生体重和PDA密切相关，并增加早期严重并发症和死亡的发生风险。.

Variants in the MAGED2 may cause antenatal transient Bartter syndrome, which is characterised by polyhydramnios, preterm labour, postnatal polyuria, hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis. Transient gross hematuria and acute kidney injury in such cases have not been reported previously. The patient, a boy, was born at a gestational age of 27 + 5 weeks. Polyhydramnios has been detected at 24 weeks of gestation. Polyuria, hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia, weight loss, transient hematuria and acute kidney injury occur after birth. The urinary ultrasonography showed no abnormality, and after a month of treatment with liquid electrolytes and nutritional management, the clinical symptoms improved. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a variant in MAGED2: c.1426C > T, p.Arg476X, inherited from the mother, who was healthy. During the 1-year follow-up, the child grew and developed with normal renal function and electrolyte levels. This is the first report of transient antenatal Bartter syndrome caused by a MAGED2 variant in China in an extremely preterm infant who exhibited previously unreported symptoms: transient hematuria and acute kidney injury. This newly found variant expands the spectrum of genetic variants associated with antenatal Bartter syndrome; it can be detected by early genetic testing and overmedication, thereby avoided.

UNASSIGNED: At present, the conclusions about the impact of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) on the clinical outcomes of preterm infants are inconsistent. This study used the propensity score matching (PSM) analysis to evaluate the effect of HDP on clinical outcomes of extremely preterm or extremely low birth weight (EP/ELBW) infants.
UNASSIGNED: Retrospective analysis was performed on the EP/ELBW infants discharged from 26 tertiary neonatal intensive care units or died during hospitalization from 2008 to 2017, who were divided into HDP group and non-HDP group. The six covariates including sex, gestational age, birth weight, twin or multiple pregnancy, antenatal steroids administration, and conception method were matched through the PSM method at a ratio of 1:1. The survival rate at discharge and the major clinical complications were compared between the two groups.
UNASSIGNED: After matching the six covariates, compared with the non-HDP group, there was no significant difference in the survival rate at discharge (64 vs. 63.2%, p > 0.05), the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or moderate to severe BPD in the HDP group (58.3 vs. 54.9%, p > 0.05; 5.2 vs. 6.2%, p > 0.05). The incidence of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) in the HDP group was significantly increased (5.7 vs. 1.9%, p < 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: HDP increased the risk of PVL in EP/ELBW infants, but had no significant effect on the survival rate at discharge, or the occurrence of other complications.

UNASSIGNED: Nutrition is an essential factor in preventing and managing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a multifactorial chronic respiratory disease in premature infants. This study examined the association between nutritional intakes during the first 2 weeks of life and BPD in extremely preterm infants.
UNASSIGNED: A retrospective single-center cohort study was performed in infants born <28 weeks\' gestational age or with a birth weight <1,000 g. Intake of energy and ratio of enteral feeding/ total fluid intake during the first 2 weeks of life and association with outcome of BPD were examined.
UNASSIGNED: 134 infants were included in our study, and 43 infants (32.1%) developed BPD. During the first 2 weeks of life, the average of total caloric intake and the ratio of enteral feeding/ total fluid intake were significantly lower in the BPD group (total caloric intake:91.90 vs. 95.72 kcal/kg/d, p < 0.05, ratio of enteral feeding/total fluid intake: 0.14 vs. 0.18, p < 0.05), while the average of total fluid intake, caloric and protein intake from parenteral nutrition did not differ between the groups. The ratio of enteral feeding/ total fluid intake during the second week were significantly lower in the BPD group (0.21 vs. 0.28, p < 0.05), while this ratio during the first week did not differ between the groups. An increase of 10% in the ratio of enteral feeding/ total fluid intake during the second week of life significantly reduced the risk of BPD (OR 0.444, 95% CI: 0.270-0.731).
UNASSIGNED: A higher ratio of enteral feeding/ total fluid intake was associated with a lower risk for BPD. Early and rapidly progressive enteral nutrition should be encouraged in extremely preterm infants in the absence of feeding intolerance.

BACKGROUND: Brain abscesses are uncommon but life-threatening in extremely preterm (EP, Gestational Age < 28 weeks) infants. The information of long-time follow-up is rare, but very few cases presented almost intact neural function after injury.
METHODS: We report the clinical course and the outcome of a 27-week preterm infant with multiple brain abscesses. The brain abscesses were detected by cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and were treated with surgical aspiration twice and a 7-week course of intravenous antibiotics. The patient had two episodes of seizure like activities at 8 and 11 years old respectively, whereas she had normal results of electroencephalogram (EEG). MRI showed encephalomalacia and periventricular leukomalacia. Otherwise, she had no obvious neurological deficits based on multiple physical examination and her intellectual quotient (IQ) was in normal range in the long-time follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis of brain abscesses and appropriate therapy can improve the prognosis. Furthermore, this case report provides an example of the possible neuroplasticity of brain in EP infants.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of sex on the clinical outcome of extremely preterm infants (EPIs)/extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWIs) by propensity score matching.
METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed for the medical data of 731 EPIs or ELBWIs who were admitted from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2020. These infants were divided into two groups: male and female. A propensity score matching analysis was performed at a ratio of 1:1. The matching variables included gestational age, birth weight, percentage of withdrawal from active treatment, percentage of small-for-gestational-age infant, percentage of use of pulmonary surfactant, percentage of 1-minute Apgar score ≤3, percentage of mechanical ventilation, duration of mechanical ventilation, percentage of antenatal use of inadequate glucocorticoids, and percentage of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. The two groups were compared in the incidence rate of main complications during hospitalization and the rate of survival at discharge.
RESULTS: Before matching, compared with the female group, the male group had significantly higher incidence rates of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), severe intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and patent ductus arteriosus (P<0.05), while after matching, the male group only had a significantly higher incidence rate of BPD than the female group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the rate of survival at discharge between the two groups before and after matching (P>0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Male EPIs/ELBWIs have a higher risk of BPD than female EPIs/ELBWIs, but male and female EPIs/ELBWIs tend to have similar outcomes.
目的: 通过倾向性评分匹配方法，探讨性别对超早产儿/超低出生体重儿（extremely preterm infant/extremely low birth weight infant，EPI/ELBWI）临床结局的影响。方法: 回顾性分析2011年1月1日至2020年12月31日住院的731例EPI或ELBWI的临床资料，将731例EPI/ELBWI分成男婴组与女婴组。通过倾向性评分匹配方法1∶1匹配，匹配变量包括：胎龄、出生体重、放弃积极治疗比例、小于胎龄儿比例、使用肺表面活性物质比例、1 min Apgar评分≤3分比例、机械通气比例、机械通气时间、产前使用疗程不足糖皮质激素比例和妊娠期高血压疾病比例，比较两组患儿住院期间主要并发症的发生率和出院存活率。结果: 匹配前，男婴组新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、支气管肺发育不良、重度脑室内出血、脑室周围白质软化、坏死性小肠结肠炎、动脉导管未闭的发生率均显著高于女婴组（P<0.05）；匹配后，男婴组仅支气管肺发育不良的发生率显著高于女婴组（P<0.05）。匹配前后，两组患儿的出院存活率差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论: 男婴EPI/ELBWI并发支气管肺发育不良的风险高于女婴，但男婴和女婴EPI/ELBWI的转归相似。.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical treatment outcomes and the changes of the outcomes over time in extremely preterm twins in Guangdong Province, China.
METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed for 269 pairs of extremely preterm twins with a gestational age of <28 weeks who were admitted to the department of neonatology in 26 grade A tertiary hospitals in Guangdong Province from January 2008 to December 2017. According to the admission time, they were divided into two groups: 2008-2012 and 2013-2017. Besides, each pair of twins was divided into the heavier infant and the lighter infant subgroups according to birth weight. The perinatal data of mothers and hospitalization data of neonates were collected. The survival rate of twins and the incidence rate of complications were compared between the 2008-2012 and 2013-2017 groups.
RESULTS: Compared with the 2008-2012 group, the 2013-2017 group (both the heavier infant and lighter infant subgroups) had lower incidence rates of severe asphyxia and smaller head circumference at birth (P<0.05). The mortality rates of both of the twins, the heavier infant of the twins, and the lighter infant of the twins were lower in the 2013-2017 group compared with the 2008-2012 group (P<0.05). Compared with the 2008-2012 group, the 2013-2017 group (both the heavier infant and lighter infant subgroups) had lower incidence rates of pulmonary hemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (P-IVH), and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) and a higher incidence rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (P<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant increase in the survival rate over time in extremely preterm twins with a gestational age of <28 weeks in the 26 grade A tertiary hospitals in Guangdong Province. The incidences of severe asphyxia, pulmonary hemorrhage, PDA, P-IVH, and NRDS decrease in both the heavier and lighter infants of the twins, but the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia increases. With the improvement of diagnosis and treatment, the multidisciplinary collaboration between different fields of fetal medicine including prenatal diagnosis, obstetrics, and neonatology is needed in the future to jointly develop management strategies for twin pregnancy.
目的: 探讨广东省超未成熟双胎儿临床救治结局及变化趋势。方法: 回顾性选择2008年1月至2017年12月广东省26家三级甲等医院新生儿科入院的胎龄<28周双胎儿269对，按照入院年份分为前5年组和后5年组，双胎中以出生体重高低分为重婴和轻婴。收集孕母围生期和新生儿住院资料，分析前、后5年双胎儿存活率、并发症发生率的差异。结果: 后5年组超未成熟双胎儿、双胎中重婴、双胎中轻婴的重度窒息发生率、出生头围低于前5年组（P<0.05）。后5年组超未成熟双胎儿均死亡的比例低于前5年组，且后5年组双胎中重婴、双胎中轻婴的病死率低于前5年组（P<0.05）。后5年组双胎中重婴、双胎中轻婴肺出血、动脉导管未闭、脑室周围-脑室内出血、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的发生率均低于前5年组，支气管肺发育不良发生率高于前5年组（均P<0.05）。结论: 广东省26家三级甲等医院入院的胎龄<28周超未成熟双胎儿的存活率显著上升，且双胎内无论是重婴还是轻婴，发生重度窒息、肺出血、动脉导管未闭、脑室周围-脑室内出血、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的比例均明显下降，而发生支气管肺发育不良比例增加。伴随诊疗水平提升，未来需要由产前诊断、产科、新生儿科等组成多学科协作，共同制定科学的双胎妊娠管理策略。.

暂无摘要。