BACKGROUND: Vitamin D is necessary to develop healthy lungs and other organs early in life. Most infants born before 28 weeks\' gestation have low vitamin D levels at birth and a limited intake during the first month. Enteral vitamin D supplementation is inexpensive and widely used. The appropriate supplementation regimen for extremely preterm infants is controversial, and the effect of different regimens on their blood levels and outcomes is unclear.
METHODS: Randomized, blinded comparative effectiveness trial to compare two vitamin D supplementation regimens for inborn infants <28 weeks gestation or <1000 g birth weight at a large academic center in the United States. Infants are stratified by birth weight and randomized within 96 h after birth to either routine supplementation (400 IU/day with established feedings) or increased supplementation (800 IU/day with any feedings) during the first 28 days after birth. We hypothesize that the higher and early vitamin D dose (800 IU/day with early feeding) compared to placebo plus routine dose (400 IU/day with established feeding) will substantially increase total 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels measured as state-of-art at 1 month, reduce respiratory support at 36 weeks\' postmenstrual age (on an ordinal scale predictive of later adverse outcomes), and improve or at least not worsen other important secondary outcomes. The infants in the study will follow up at 22-26 months\' corrected age (~2 years) with blinded certified examiners to evaluate neurodevelopmental outcomes. The sample size of a minimum of 180 infants provides >90% power to detect a >95% posterior probability of a 33% increase in serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 and >80% power to detect a >80% posterior probability of a relative risk decrease of 20% of reducing respiratory support by intention-to-treat Bayesian analyses using a neutral prior probability.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study will help clarify the uncertain relationship of vitamin D supplementation and its associated serum metabolites to clinical outcomes of extremely preterm infants. Confirmation of our hypotheses would prompt reconsideration of the supplementation regimens used in extremely preterm infants and justify a large multicenter study to verify the generalizability of the results.
BACKGROUND: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05459298. Registered on July 14, 2022.

BACKGROUND: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) persists as one of the foremost factors contributing to mortality and morbidity in extremely preterm infants. The effectiveness of administering sildenafil early on to prevent BPD remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of prophylactically administered sildenafil during the early life stages of preterm infants to prevent mortality and BPD.
METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Ichushi were searched. Published randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCTs, interrupted time series, cohort studies, case-control studies, and controlled before-and-after studies were included. Two reviewers independently screened the title, abstract, and full text, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias, and evaluated the certainty of evidence (CoE) following the Grading of Recommendations Assessment and Development and Evaluation approach. The random-effects model was used for a meta-analysis of RCTs.
RESULTS: This review included three RCTs (162 infants). There were no significant differences between the prophylactic sildenafil and placebo groups in mortality (risk ratio [RR]: 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.16-10.75; very low CoE), BPD (RR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.79-1.83; very low CoE), and all other outcome assessed (all with very low CoE). The sample sizes were less than the optimal sizes for all outcomes assessed, indicating the need for further trials.
CONCLUSIONS: The prophylactic use of sildenafil in individuals at risk of BPD did not indicate any advantageous effects in terms of mortality, BPD, and other outcomes, or increased side effects.

The patient, a male newborn, was admitted to the hospital 2 hours after birth due to prematurity (gestational age 27+5 weeks) and respiratory distress occurring 2 hours postnatally. After admission, the infant developed fever and elevated C-reactive protein levels. On the fourth day after birth, metagenomic next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid indicated a positive result for Mycoplasma hominis (9 898 reads). On the eighth day, a retest of cerebrospinal fluid metagenomics confirmed Mycoplasma hominis (56 806 reads). The diagnosis of purulent meningitis caused by Mycoplasma hominis was established, and the antibiotic treatment was switched to moxifloxacin [5 mg/(kg·day)] administered intravenously for a total of 4 weeks. After treatment, the patient\'s cerebrospinal fluid tests returned to normal, and he was discharged as cured on the 76th day after birth. This article focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of neonatal Mycoplasma hominis purulent meningitis, introducing the multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment of the condition in extremely preterm infants.
患儿男，生后2 h，因早产（胎龄27+5周）、生后气促2 h入院。患儿入院后出现发热，血C反应蛋白升高，生后第4天脑脊液宏基因组二代测序示人型支原体阳性（序列数9 898）；生后第8天复查脑脊液宏基因组二代测序示人型支原体阳性（序列数56 806）阳性。患儿人型支原体化脓性脑膜炎诊断明确，抗生素调整为莫西沙星静脉滴注［5 mg/（kg·d）］，总疗程4周。治疗后患儿脑脊液检查恢复正常，于生后第76天治愈出院。该文对新生儿人型支原体化脓性脑膜炎的诊断和治疗进行重点描述，介绍超早产儿人型支原体化脓性脑膜炎的多学科诊疗。.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current status of delivery room transitional care management for very/extremely preterm infants in Shenzhen City.
METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in November 2022, involving 24 tertiary hospitals participating in the Shenzhen Neonatal Data Network. The survey assessed the implementation of transitional care management in the delivery room, including prenatal preparation, delivery room resuscitation, and post-resuscitation management in the neonatal intensive care unit. Very/extremely preterm infants were divided into four groups based on gestational age: <26 weeks, 26-28+6 weeks, 29-30+6 weeks, and 31-31+6 weeks. Descriptive analysis was performed on the results.
RESULTS: A total of 140 very/extremely preterm infants were included, with 10 cases in the <26 weeks group, 45 cases in the 26-28+6 weeks group, 49 cases in the 29-30+6 weeks group, and 36 cases in the 31-31+6 weeks group. Among these infants, 99 (70.7%) received prenatal counseling, predominantly provided by obstetricians (79.8%). The main personnel involved in resuscitation during delivery were midwives (96.4%) and neonatal resident physicians (62.1%). Delayed cord clamping was performed in 52 cases (37.1%), with an average delay time of (45±17) seconds. Postnatal radiant warmer was used in 137 cases (97.9%) for thermoregulation. Positive pressure ventilation was required in 110 cases (78.6%), with 67 cases (60.9%) using T-piece resuscitators and 42 cases (38.2%) using a blended oxygen device. Blood oxygen saturation was monitored during resuscitation in 119 cases (85.0%). The median time from initiating transitional care measures to closing the incubator door was 87 minutes.
CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of delivery room transitional care management for very/extremely preterm infants in the hospitals participating in the Shenzhen Neonatal Data Network shows varying degrees of deviation from the corresponding expert consensus in China. It is necessary to bridge the gap through continuous quality improvement and multicenter collaboration to improve the quality of the transitional care management and outcomes in very/extremely preterm infants.
目的: 了解深圳市极/超早产儿产房过渡期管理实施现状。方法: 2022年11月对深圳新生儿数据协作网的24家三级医院的极/超早产儿产房过渡期管理实施情况进行横断面调查，调查内容包括产前准备、产房复苏实施和新生儿重症监护室复苏后管理。根据胎龄将所纳入早产儿分为4组：<26周、26~28+6周、29~30+6周和31~31+6周组，对结果进行描述性分析。结果: 共纳入140例极/超早产儿，其中<26周组10例，26~28+6周组45例，29~30+6周组49例，31~31+6周组36例。140例极/超早产儿中，99例（70.7%）接受了产前咨询，提供产前咨询的人员以产科医生为主，占比为79.8%；产时参与复苏的人员主要为助产士（96.4%）和新生儿科住院医师（62.1%）；52例（37.1%）实施了延迟脐带结扎，平均延迟时间为（45±17）s；137例（97.9%）生后采用了预热辐射台保暖；110例（78.6%）需要正压通气，其中67例（60.9%）采用T组合复苏器，42例（38.2%）应用了空氧混合仪；119例（85.0%）复苏中进行了血氧饱和度监测；完成过渡期各项措施至关闭温箱门时间的中位数为87 min。结论: 在深圳新生儿数据协作网医院中，极/超早产儿的产房过渡期管理实施与我国相应专家共识的要求存在不同程度的差异，需要通过多中心协作的持续质量改进缩小差距，从而改善极/超早产儿产房过渡期管理的质量和结局。.

BACKGROUND: The number of infants born during the peri-viable period who survive has been increasing.
OBJECTIVE: To clarify renal function in infants from the time of birth during the peri-viable period until their due date.
METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a single center.
METHODS: We reviewed the data of infants born at ≤28 weeks of gestation between 2018 and 2022 at our hospital. The infants were divided into the following groups: born at 22-24 weeks vs. 25-28 weeks (appropriate-for-gestational age [AGA] infants), and AGA infants vs. small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants (born at 22-28 weeks).
METHODS: We compared the perinatal data and renal function of the infants from birth until their due date.
RESULTS: Eighty-one infants were included. Their serum creatinine, fractional excretion of sodium, and urine glucose levels were high or positive soon after birth but gradually improved. The urine albumin level was significantly higher among AGA infants born at 22-24 weeks, even at term equivalent age, than among those born at 25-28 weeks.
CONCLUSIONS: Persistent renal insufficiency was observed even around the term equivalent age in peri-viable infants. Follow-up data collected after the neonatal period should be investigated in these infants.

BACKGROUND: There is uncertainty and lack of consensus regarding optimal management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). We aimed to determine current clinical practice in PDA management across a range of different regions internationally.
METHODS: We surveyed PDA management practices in neonatal intensive care units using a pre-piloted web-based survey, which was distributed to perinatal societies in 31 countries. The survey was available online from March 2018 to March 2019.
RESULTS: There were 812 responses. The majority of clinicians (54%) did not have institutional protocols for PDA treatment, and 42% reported variable management within their own unit. Among infants <28 weeks (or <1,000 g), most clinicians (60%) treat symptomatically. Respondents in Australasia were more likely to treat PDA pre-symptomatically (44% vs. 18% all countries [OR 4.1; 95% CI 2.6-6.5; p < 0.001]), and respondents from North America were more likely to treat symptomatic PDA (67% vs. 60% all countries [OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.5-2.6; p < 0.001]). In infants ≥28 weeks (or ≥1,000 g), most clinicians (54%) treat symptomatically. Respondents in North America were more likely to treat PDAs in this group of infants conservatively (47% vs. 38% all countries [OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.7-3.2; p < 0.001]), and respondents from Asia were more likely to treat the PDA pre-symptomatically (21% vs. 7% all countries [OR 5.5; 95% CI 3.2-9.8; p < 0.001]).
CONCLUSIONS: There were marked international differences in clinical practice, highlighting ongoing uncertainty and a lack of consensus regarding PDA management. An international conglomeration to coordinate research that prioritises and addresses these areas of contention is indicated.

暂无摘要。

UNASSIGNED: Adolescent pregnancy may be associated with medical complications related to the biological immaturity of the mother, and adult primiparous mothers may present perinatal outcomes associated with pre-existing age-related chronic changes.
UNASSIGNED: To compare unfavorable perinatal outcomes in adolescent and adult primiparous women.
UNASSIGNED: Observational, cross-sectional, retrospective and analytical study. Records of adolescent women from 12-19 years and adult women from 20-40 years in their first pregnancy, with a gestation of more than 20 weeks, who entered the Obstetrics Area of a third level hospital for pregnancy resolution were included. Perinatal outcomes were compared using chi-squared, Fisher\'s exact test, or Mann-Whitney U test.
UNASSIGNED: 220 records of primiparous women, 110 adolescents aged 18 (16-19) and 110 adults aged 24 (21-25) were included. Adolescent mothers presented as unfavorable perinatal outcomes newborns (NB) small-for-gestational-age (SGA): odds ratio (OR) 2.95 (95%CI 1.10-7.85), p = 0.04. Adult pregnant women presented more comorbidities (gestational hypertension [11.82 vs. 3.64%] and preeclampsia [10.91 vs. 4.55%], gestational diabetes [6.36 vs. 0.91%], [p = 0.006]) that were associated with prematurity (p = 0.018) and with hospitalization in the NB (p = 0.008).
UNASSIGNED: Adolescent mothers presented twice more SGA NB. Prematurity and hospitalization of the NB was associated with the presence of comorbidities in adult mothers.
UNASSIGNED: el embarazo en la adolescencia puede estar asociado a complicaciones médicas relacionadas con la inmadurez biológica de la madre y las madres primigestas adultas pueden presentar resultados perinatales asociados a alteraciones crónicas preexistentes relacionadas con la edad.
UNASSIGNED: comparar los resultados perinatales desfavorables en primigestas adolescentes y adultas.
UNASSIGNED: estudio observacional, transversal, retrospectivo y analítico. Se incluyeron expedientes de mujeres adolescentes de 12-19 años de edad y mujeres adultas de 20-40 años primigestas, con gestación mayor de 20 semanas, que ingresaron al área de Obstetricia de un hospital de tercer nivel para resolución del embarazo. Los resultados perinatales se compararon con chi cuadrada, prueba exacta de Fisher o U de Mann-Whitney.
UNASSIGNED: se incluyeron 220 expedientes de mujeres primigestas, 110 adolescentes de 18 (16-19) años y 110 adultas de 24 (21-25) años. Las madres adolescentes presentaron como resultados perinatales desfavorables a recién nacidos (RN) con peso bajo para edad gestacional (PBEG): razón de momios (RM) 2.95 (IC 95% 1.10-7.85), p = 0.04. Las embarazadas adultas presentaron más comorbilidades (hipertensión gestacional [11.82 frente a 3.64%] y preeclampsia [10.91 frente a 4.55%], diabetes gestacional [6.36 frente a 0.91%], [p = 0.006]) que se asociaron con prematurez (p = 0.018) y con la hospitalización en el RN (p = 0.008).
UNASSIGNED: las madres adolescentes presentaron dos veces más RN con PBEG. La prematurez y la hospitalizacion del RN se asoció a la presencia de comorbilidades de las madres adultas.

BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) may be related to the pathogenesis of several morbidities in extremely preterm infants, including late-onset adrenal insufficiency. However, eosinophilia is observed under pathological conditions with adrenal insufficiency. Therefore, this study explored postnatal changes in NO levels and eosinophil counts in extremely preterm infants with and without morbidities.
METHODS: Nineteen extremely preterm infants with a median gestational age of 27.0 weeks and median birth weight of 888 g were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and peripheral blood eosinophil counts were measured at birth and every 2 weeks thereafter. Morbidities of the study group were diagnosed using a single criterion.
RESULTS: Serum NOx levels (mean ± standard deviation) were 22.5 ± 14.9 μmol/L, 51.2 ± 23.7 μmol/L, 42.4 ± 15.2 μmol/L, and 33.8 ± 9.4 μmol/L at birth and 2, 4, and 6 weeks of age, respectively. The serum NOx level at 2 weeks of age was significantly higher than that at birth and 6 weeks of age. Eosinophil counts, which increase with adrenal insufficiency, were measured simultaneously and were 145 ± 199/μL, 613 ± 625/μL, 466 ± 375/μL, and 292 ± 228/μL at birth and 2, 4, and 6 weeks of age, respectively. These values showed that the eosinophil count was significantly higher at 2 weeks of age than at birth and 6 weeks of age. The serum NOx level of infants without chorioamnionitis was significantly increased at 4 weeks of age, and the eosinophil count of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis was significantly increased at 2 weeks of age. No correlation with the NOx level or eosinophil count was observed in infants with late-onset circulatory collapse.
CONCLUSIONS: The postnatal serum NOx level and eosinophil count were significantly correlated with each other and peaked at 2 weeks of age.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors and prognosis of hypotension within 72 hours after birth in extremely preterm infants.
METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data of extremely preterm infants admitted to the Children\'s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine from January 2019 to April 2022. Based on the presence of hypotension within 72 hours after birth, the eligible infants were divided into a hypotension group (41 cases) and a normotension group (82 cases). The clinical characteristics, echocardiographic parameters within 72 hours after birth, and early complications were compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors for hypotension within 72 hours after birth, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive value of relevant indicators for the occurrence of hypotension within 72 hours after birth in the preterm infants.
RESULTS: The proportion of infants who required medication or surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), the proportions of infants with intraventricular hemorrhage ≥ grade III and severe pulmonary hemorrhage, and the mortality rate within 7 days in the hypotension group were significantly higher than those in the normotension group (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that lower birth weight, larger PDA diameter, and hemodynamically significant PDA were risk factors for the occurrence of hypotension within 72 hours after birth in extremely preterm infants (P<0.05). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the combination of birth weight, PDA diameter, and hemodynamically significant PDA had an area under the curve of 0.873 (95%CI: 0.802-0.944, P<0.05) for predicting hypotension within 72 hours after birth, with a sensitivity of 73.2% and specificity of 91.5%.
CONCLUSIONS: Hypotension within 72 hours after birth is closely related to birth weight and PDA, and increases the risk of early severe complications and mortality in extremely preterm infants.
目的: 探讨超早产儿生后72 h内低血压的危险因素和预后。方法: 回顾性分析2019年1月—2022年4月于浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院收治的超早产儿住院期间的临床资料。根据生后72 h内是否存在低血压，将入选患儿分为低血压组（41例）和正常血压组（82例），比较2组的临床特征、出生后72 h内的超声心动图参数和早期并发症，并采用多因素logistic回归分析探讨生后72 h内低血压的危险因素。采用受试者操作特征曲线分析评估相关指标预测超早产儿生后72 h内发生低血压的价值。结果: 低血压组7 d内药物或手术关闭动脉导管未闭（patent ductus arteriosus, PDA）、≥Ⅲ度脑室内出血和严重肺出血的患儿比例及7 d内病死率显著高于正常血压组（P<0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示，出生体重较低、PDA直径较大及有血流动力学意义的PDA是超早产儿生后72 h内发生低血压的危险因素（P<0.05）。受试者操作特征曲线分析显示，出生体重、PDA直径、有血流动力学意义的PDA 3个指标联合预测超早产儿生后72 h内发生低血压的曲线下面积为0.873（95%CI：0.802~0.944，P<0.05），灵敏度和特异度分别为73.2%和91.5%。结论: 超早产儿生后72 h内低血压的发生与出生体重和PDA密切相关，并增加早期严重并发症和死亡的发生风险。.