Lettuce, a globally consumed nutritious vegetable, is often linked to concerns regarding pesticide residues. To address this issue, we conducted field trials and utilized dynamiCROP modeling to examine the uptake, distribution, translocation, and dissipation of five pesticides (λ-cyhalothrin, difenoconazole, acetamiprid, dimethomorph, and β-cypermethrin) commonly detected in lettuce. At harvest, pesticides residues were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) at 0.05, 0.39, 0.047, 0.72, and 0.072 mg kg-1, respectively. Simulation results elucidated distinct behaviors of the pesticides following application to lettuce foliage across various compartments. However, all pesticides exhibited a common dissipation trend, initially stabilizing or increasing before gradually declining. For all five pesticides, the largest contribution of residues on lettuce leaves came from the leaf surface during the early period after application, and from the soil in the long term. Health risk assessments indicated negligible risks associated with consuming lettuce containing these pesticides, both in the short and long term.

In recent years, Heated tobacco products (HTP) have gradually entered the market and become more and more popular with consumers because of their low risk (compared with traditional cigarette). With the increasing popularity and proportion of HTP in the international market, people pay more and more attention to the safety evaluation of HTP, but there is still a lack of systematic review of HTP safety research. In this review, the harmful components of HTP, multi-organ functional programming effects (including respiratory system, cardiovascular system, etc.), and mechanism of the effect generation (including oxidative stress, inflammatory response, etc.) were systematically reviewed, the safety effects of HTP and traditional cigarettes were compared in detail, and the shortcomings and future research directions in the field of HTP safety were discussed. In summary, this review conforms to the general trend of contemporary \"tobacco and health\", helps people to understand and evaluate HTP more systematically, and provides a strong theoretical support and literature basis for the tobacco industry to carry out HTP risk assessment and exposure improvement.

BACKGROUND: Safety-in-use (SIU) studies are commonly used by the cosmetic Industry to confirm the skin and ocular compatibility of cosmetic products under realistic in-use conditions. There are only limited case studies published about the design, outcome and interpretation of product SIU studies.
OBJECTIVE: A series of SIU case studies is presented to demonstrate the considerations in study design and how the methodology can help in supporting skin and ocular safety profile of facial cosmetic products within a population of different ethnicities with normal and self-perceived sensitive skin.
METHODS: In a series of four single-blinded SIU studies, more than 250 female study subjects of different ethnicities and with normal and self-assessed sensitive skin were asked to use different facial cosmetic products including lotions, essences and cleansers according to the instructed usage conditions of these products. Each study was specifically designed according to product usage scenarios and target consumer groups. The primary measures of safety were based on dermal evaluations by a dermatologist for erythema and dryness/scaling and by an ophthalmologist for any visible signs of an ocular condition on eyelids, conjunctivae and cornea. The study subjects were also asked for any self-perceived skin or eye reactions. Dermal and ocular irritation potential of the products under realistic product usage conditions was evaluated according to the measures.
RESULTS: Across all studies, objectively and self-assessed mean scores for skin and eye effects did not indicate any cumulative response of the investigated products over the study period.
CONCLUSIONS: As a suitable tool for assessing and establishing the skin and eye compatibility of facial cosmetic products, SIU studies can be designed according to specific consumer groups, skin types and product usage scenarios to better predict realistic in-use conditions. It can demonstrate the safe use of the investigated products for people of different ethnicities, skin types and with normal or self-assessed sensitive skin, single product use or regimen use. The test results are consistent with the inherently low irritation potential of the products.
BACKGROUND: L’industrie cosmétique recourt fréquemment à des études sur la sécurité d’emploi (SE) pour confirmer la compatibilité cutanée et oculaire des produits cosmétiques dans des conditions d’utilisation réalistes. Les études de cas publiées sur la conception, les résultats et l’interprétation des études sur la SE des produits sont limitées.
OBJECTIVE: Une série d’études de cas sur la SE est présentée pour démontrer les considérations dans la conception de l’étude et la manière dont la méthodologie peut aider à soutenir le profil de sécurité d’emploi cutanée et oculaire des produits cosmétiques pour le visage au sein d’une population de différentes origines ethniques avec une peau normale et une peau perçue comme sensible. SUJETS/MÉTHODES: Dans une série de quatre études sur la SE en simple aveugle, on a demandé à plus de 250 sujets de l’étude de sexe féminin de différentes origines ethniques et ayant une peau normale et auto‐évaluée comme sensible d’utiliser différents produits cosmétiques pour le visage, y compris des crèmes, des essences et des nettoyants, conformément aux conditions d’utilisation recommandées de ces produits. Chaque étude a été spécifiquement conçue en fonction des scénarios d’utilisation des produits et des groupes de consommateurs cibles. Les mesures principales de la sécurité d’emploi étaient basées sur des évaluations dermiques effectuées par un dermatologue pour l’érythème et la sécheresse/desquamation, et par un ophtalmologue pour tout signe visible d’une affection oculaire sur les paupières, les conjonctives et la cornée. Il a également été demandé aux sujets de l’étude si elles présentaient des réactions cutanées ou oculaires auto‐perçues. Le potentiel d’irritation cutanée et oculaire des produits dans des conditions d’utilisation réalistes a été évalué selon les mesures. RÉSULTATS: Dans toutes les études, les scores moyens évalués objectivement et auto‐évalués pour détecter des effets cutanés et oculaires n’ont indiqué aucune réponse cumulée des produits étudiés au cours de la période d’étude.
CONCLUSIONS: En tant qu’outil approprié pour évaluer et établir la compatibilité cutanée et oculaire des produits cosmétiques pour le visage, les études sur la SE peuvent être conçues en fonction de groupes de consommateurs spécifiques, de types de peau et de scénarios d’utilisation des produits afin de mieux prédire les conditions d’utilisation réalistes. Elles peuvent démontrer que les produits étudiés peuvent être utilisés en toute sécurité par des personnes d’origines ethniques et de types de peau différents, ayant une peau normale ou auto‐évaluée comme sensible, qu’il s’agisse d’un seul produit ou d’un régime de soins. Les résultats des tests correspondent au potentiel d’irritation intrinsèquement faible des produits.
背景: 人体试用试验(safety‐in‐use, SIU)是化妆品行业常用的确认化妆品产品在实际使用条件下的皮肤和眼部相容性的方法。关于产品SIU试验的设计、结果和解释的案例研究发表尚相当有限。 目的: 本研究提供了一系列SIU试验案例，以论述试验设计中的考虑因素，以及该方法在不同种族的普通人群和敏感肌人群中如何对面部化妆品产品的皮肤和眼部安全性提供支持。 受试者/方法: 在一系列四项单盲SIU试验中，250多名不同种族、自我评估为敏感肌或普通肌肤的女性受试者完成了试验。受试者被要求根据产品的使用说明使用不同的面部化妆品，包括乳液、精华和洁面产品等。每项试验都是根据产品的使用场景和目标消费者群体而设计的。有关安全性的主要测量指标包括皮肤科医生对皮肤红斑和干燥的评估，以及眼科医生对眼睑、结膜和角膜上任何可见损伤迹象的评估。研究对象还被问及任何主观感知的皮肤或眼睛反应。根据这些指标，评估了产品在实际使用条件下的潜在皮肤和眼刺激性。 结果: 在所有试验中，客观和主观评估的皮肤和眼睛反应的平均得分表明，受试产品在试验期间没有累积反应。 结论: 作为评估化妆品的皮肤和眼部相容性的合适工具，SIU试验可以根据特定的消费者群体、皮肤类型和产品使用场景进行设计，以更好地预测实际使用条件。它可以证明受试产品在不同种族、皮肤类型、自我评估的敏感肌人群、单一产品或多产品使用情况下的安全性。本试验中的测试结果与产品固有的低刺激性一致。.

Recent years have seen an increase in the use of botanicals and natural substances (BNS) in consumer products such as cosmetics and household care products. Most work conducted to date to assess botanicals for human safety has focused their use as dietary supplements and thus on systemic toxicity. However, the induction of skin sensitization is a possible adverse effect of natural products in particular those that come into skin contact, especially for cosmetics that remain on the skin and are not rinsed off following use. Assessments of BNS ingredients are often challenging for a number of reasons: the BNS are complex mixtures that can be of mostly unknown composition; the composition can be highly variable even within the same plant species and dependent on how processed; the physical form of the BNS raw material can vary from a highly concentrated powdered extract to a liquid extract containing only a small percentage of the BNS; testing of the BNS raw materials in New Approach Methods (NAM) has uncertainty as these methods are often not developed or validated for complex mixtures. In this study, a reference set of 14 selected BNS which span the range of skin sensitization potential was complied. These data were used in a Weight of Evidence (WoE) approach to evaluate their skin sensitization potential with each of the data rich BNS being classified as either having strong evidence of inducing skin sensitization based on human topical use history, animal data, clinical data, composition data and NAM data, or having some but more limited (weak) evidence of inducing skin sensitization, or having strong evidence of no skin sensitization potential. When available data have sufficient potency related information, sensitization potency assessment is also provided based on WoE, classifying these BNS as either strong, moderate, or weak sensitizers, or non-sensitizers. An outline for a BNS skin sensitization risk assessment framework is proposed starting with exposure-based waiving and WoE assessment for higher exposures. In addition to demonstrating the application of the WoE approach, the reference set presented here provides a set of \'data rich\' botanicals which cover a range of sensitization potencies that could be used for evaluating existing test methods or aid in the development of new predictive models for skin sensitization.

Product-harm crises have detrimental effects on firm\'s sales, reputation, and financial value, requiring crisis managers to promptly adopt appropriate response strategies to mitigate these impacts. Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT) guides managers to align responsibility attribution with response strategies. Using Chinese listed firms\' product-harm crises sample from 2015 to 2021, this study analyzes the stock market\'s reaction to different response strategies. The event study method reveals that a passive strategy is more effective during the disclosure stage, and accept+no recall and deny+recall are conforming strategies during the initial response stage. Additionally, firms with a crisis history should assume greater responsibility when developing response strategies for product-harm crises, as crisis history amplifies negative effects. The results provide recommendations to help managers formulate appropriate strategies.

Given the worldwide popularity of hair dyeing, there is an urgent need to understand the toxicities and risks associated with exposure to chemicals found in hair dye formulations. Hair dyes are categorized as oxidative and nonoxidative in terms of their chemical composition and ingredients. For several decades, the expert panel\'s Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) has assessed the safety of many of the chemicals used in hair dyes; however, a comprehensive review of hair dye ingredients and the risk of exposure to hair dyeing has not been documented. Herein, we review the safety of the various chemicals in oxidative and nonoxidative hair dyes, toxicities associated with hair dyeing, and the carcinogenic risks related to hair dyeing. While many compounds are considered safe for users at the concentrations in hair dyes, there are conflicting data about a large number of hair dye formulations. The CIR expert panel has ratified a number of coloring ingredients for hair dyes and banned a series of chemicals as carcinogenic to animals and unsafe for this application. The use of these chemicals as raw materials for producing hair dyes may result in the synthesis of other contaminants with potential toxicities and increased risk of carcinogenesis. It is an open question whether personal or occupational hair dyeing increases the risk of cancer; however, in specific subpopulations, a positive association between hair dye use and cancer occurrence has been reported. To address this question, a better understanding of the chemical and mechanistic basis of the reported toxicities of hair dye mixtures and individual hair dye ingredients is needed. It is anticipated that in-depth chemical and systems toxicology studies harnessing modern and emerging techniques can shed light on this public health concern in the future.

Liposomes have been considered promising and versatile drug vesicles. Compared with traditional drug delivery systems, liposomes exhibit better properties, including site-targeting, sustained or controlled release, protection of drugs from degradation and clearance, superior therapeutic effects, and lower toxic side effects. Given these merits, several liposomal drug products have been successfully approved and used in clinics over the last couple of decades. In this review, the liposomal drug products approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) are discussed. Based on the published approval package in the FDA and European public assessment report (EPAR) in EMA, the critical chemistry information and mature pharmaceutical technologies applied in the marketed liposomal products, including the lipid excipient, manufacturing methods, nanosizing technique, drug loading methods, as well as critical quality attributions (CQAs) of products, are introduced. Additionally, the current regulatory guidance and future perspectives related to liposomal products are summarized. This knowledge can be used for research and development of the liposomal drug candidates under various pipelines, including the laboratory bench, pilot plant, and commercial manufacturing.

EU cosmetic ingredients are governed by two regulations that conflict. Regulation EC 1223/2009, the Cosmetic Regulation, bans in vivo (animal) testing for cosmetic product safety assessments, including both final products and ingredients. At the same time, the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation can impose in vivo testing of those same ingredients under its chemical testing requirements. Here, we examined REACH dossiers for chemicals for which the only reported use is cosmetics to determine the extent of new in vivo testing caused by REACH. We found the REACH database has 3,206 chemical dossiers with cosmetics as a reported use. Of these, 419 report cosmetics as the only use, and 63 of these have in vivo tests completed after the Cosmetic Regulation ban on in vivo testing. Registrants largely used alternative, non-animal methods to evaluate ingredients for REACH, but some still conducted new in vivo tests to comply with REACH requirements for toxicity data and worker safety assessments. In some cases, ECHA, the agency that evaluates REACH dossiers, rejected registrants’ alternative methods as insufficient and required new in vivo tests. As ECHA continues to evaluate dossiers, more requests for in vivo tests are likely. REACH tests on cosmetic ingredients appear only as “industrial chemicals legislation” tests in EU reports. Given the importance to consumers and the cosmetic industry of having cosmetics free of animal testing, the public should be made aware of REACH testing until the conflict between the regulations is resolved.

Cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs) contain abundant bacteria and fungi that are vital to leaf quality during fermentation. In this study, artificial fermentation was used for the fermentation of CTLs since it was more controllable and efficient than natural aging. The bacterial and fungal community structure and composition in unfermented and fermented CTLs were determined to understand the effects of microbes on the characteristics of CTLs during artificial fermentation. The relationship between the chemical contents and alterations in the microbial composition was evaluated, and the functions of bacteria and fungi in fermented CTLs were predicted to determine the possible metabolic pathways. After artificial fermentation, the bacterial and fungal community structure significantly changed in CTLs. The total nitrate and nicotine contents were most readily affected by the bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. FAPROTAX software predictions of the bacterial community revealed increases in functions related to compound transformation after fermentation. FUNGuild predictions of the fungal community revealed an increase in the content of saprotrophic fungi after fermentation. These data provide information regarding the artificial fermentation mechanism of CTLs and will inform safety and quality improvements.

In this work, the occurrence of 34 common antibiotic (15 sulfonamides and 19 quinolones) residues were evaluated in 236 ready-to-eat duck eggs (salted and preserved duck eggs) marketed through e-commerce stores by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, and subsequent dietary risk assessments for Chinese consumers were conducted. Among violated positives in duck egg samples, 11 analytes were found including sulfamethazine, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, sulfamonomethoxine, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, ofloxacin, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and nalidixic acid. A higher number of antibiotics were detected in salted duck eggs (five sulfonamides and six quinolones) than in preserved duck eggs (one sulfonamide and two quinolones). The maximum contamination of sulfonamides and quniolones was 448.0 µg/kg (sulfaquinoxaline) and 563.7 µg/kg (enrofloxacin) in salted duck eggs, respectively. Dietary exposure was evaluated through the estimated daily intake (EDI) of risky antibiotics (sulfamethazine, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin) and hazard quotients (HQs). The results showed that EDIs and HQs were in the range of 0.0004 to 0.0099 µg/kg bw/day and 0.0009 to 0.1594%, respectively. The risk was low since HQs obtained were less than 100%. However, a special attention should be paid to ready-to-eat duck egg products high percentile consumers with the prosperity of e-commerce market in China. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The present analytical method could be used for multiresidue determination of antibiotics in ready-to-eat duck eggs, and dietary risk assessments of risky antibiotics provided a support for the work of regulatory bodies to conduct surveillance programs regarding food safety evaluation of ready-to-eat foods.