塑料已经在世界范围内成为我们日常生活的基本需求。目前全球塑料年产量超过3亿吨。塑料有许多特点,如生产成本低,惰性,相对较低的重量,和耐用性。塑料的主要缺点是其极其缓慢的自然降解。后者导致塑料废物在自然界中的积累。截至2015年,全球塑料垃圾量为63亿吨,其中79%被放置在垃圾填埋场或留在自然环境中。此外,最近的估计报告称,到2050年,地球上将积累1.2亿吨塑料垃圾。因此,有必要开发一种有效的塑料生物降解工艺,以加快塑料的自然降解速率。已经确定了400多种微生物能够降解塑料。这是该系列关于塑料降解真菌的第一篇论文。本文概述了当前全球塑料生产和塑料废物在自然界中的积累。列出了迄今为止记录的所有降解塑料的真菌,根据现有文献,并就主要真菌类群发表评论。此外,使用组合ITS分析了塑料降解真菌的系统发育关系,LSU,SSU,TEF,RPB1和由395个菌株组成的RPB2数据集。我们的结果证实,在真菌门子囊中的11个类别中发现了降解塑料的真菌(Dothideomycetes,欧洲真菌,无性菌,酵母菌,和梭菌),担子菌(Agaricomycetes,微细菌,银杏树,棘皮菌,和Ustilaginomy-cetes),和粘菌(粘菌)。简要讨论了塑料降解真菌类群的分类位置。欧洲真菌包括真菌王国中数量最多的塑料降解剂。本文提出的结果有望影响类似主题的未来研究方向,以便找到可以消除塑料废物的有效降解塑料的真菌。关于塑料降解真菌的系列的下一个出版物将集中在主要代谢产物上,降解途径,真菌在塑料降解中产生酶。
Plastic has become established over the world as an essential basic need for our daily life. Current global plastic production exceeds 300 million tons annually. Plastics have many characteristics such as low production costs, inertness, relatively low weight, and durability. The primary disadvantage of plastics is their extremely slow natural degradation. The latter results in an accumulation of plastic waste in nature. The amount of plastic waste as of 2015 was 6300 million tons worldwide, and 79% of this was placed in landfills or left in the natural environment. Moreover, recent estimates report that 12,000 million tons of plastic waste will have been accumulated on the earth by 2050. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective plastic biodegradation process to accelerate the natural degradation rate of plastics. More than 400 microbes have been identified as capable of plastic degradation. This is the first paper of the series on plastic-degrading fungi. This paper provides a summary of the current global production of plastic and plastic waste accumulation in nature. A list is given of all the plastic-degrading fungi recorded thus far, based on the available literature, and comments are made relating to the major fungal groups. In addition, the phylogenetic relationships of plastic-degrading fungi were analyzed using a combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, RPB1, and RPB2 dataset consisting of 395 strains. Our results confirm that plastic-degrading fungi are found in eleven classes in the fungal phyla Ascomycota (Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Saccharomycetes, and Sordariomycetes), Basidiomycota (Agaricomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Tremellomycetes, Tritirachiomycetes, and Ustilaginomy-cetes), and Mucoromycota (Mucoromycetes). The taxonomic placement of plastic-degrading fungal taxa is briefly discussed. The Eurotiomycetes include the largest number of plastic degraders in the kingdom Fungi. The results presented herein are expected to influence the direction of future research on similar topics in order to find effective plastic-degrading fungi that can eliminate plastic wastes. The next publication of the series on plastic-degrading fungi will be focused on major metabolites, degradation pathways, and enzyme production in plastic degradation by fungi.