水溶性聚合物（WSP）在淡水环境中的普遍存在引起了人们对水生生物的潜在威胁的担忧。这项研究调查了，第一次,广泛使用的WSPs-聚乙烯醇(PVA)，聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP),聚丙烯酸(PAA),和聚乙二醇（PEG）-在淡水生物模型Daphniamagna中使用多级方法。这种综合评估采用了一套生物标志物，游泳行为的评估，和蛋白质组学分析，以调查三个环境相关浓度（0.001，0.5和1mg/L）的测试WSP从分子到生物体水平的影响，评估急性和慢性影响。我们的发现表明，暴露于不同的WSP会在每个生物学水平上引起特定的反应，PEG是唯一在0.5mg/L时诱导致死作用的WSP。在生理层面,尽管所有WSP都影响了D.magna标本的游泳表现和心率，PAA对测量的行为参数的影响最大。此外，蛋白质组分析表明，暴露于所有WSP后，蛋白质谱发生了变化，与PVA成为最有效的。
The ubiquitous presence of water-soluble polymers (WSPs) in freshwater environments raises concerns regarding potential threats to aquatic organisms. This
study investigated, for the first time, the effects of widely used WSPs -polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyacrylic acid (PAA), and polyethylene glycol (PEG)- using a multi-level approach in the freshwater biological model Daphnia magna. This integrated assessment employed a suite of biomarkers, evaluation of swimming behaviour, and proteomic analysis to investigate the effects of three environmentally relevant concentrations (0.001, 0.5, and 1 mg/L) of the tested WSPs from molecular to organismal levels, assessing both acute and chronic effects. Our findings reveal that exposure to different WSPs induces specific responses at each biological level, with PEG being the only WSP inducing lethal effects at 0.5 mg/L. At the physiological level, although all WSPs impacted both swimming performance and heart rate of D. magna specimens, PAA exhibited the greatest effects on the measured behavioural parameters. Furthermore, proteomic analyses demonstrated altered protein profiles following exposure to all WSPs, with PVA emerging as the most effective.
