血脑屏障和血脑脊液屏障是中枢神经系统(CNS)药物输送的主要障碍,因为它们阻止大多数分子进入大脑。替代的药物递送途径如实质内或鞘内是具有感染风险的侵入性方法。相比之下,鼻脑给药是一种微创的给药途径,当药物从鼻腔引导到大脑时,它会绕过血脑屏障。特别是,位于鼻腔顶部的颅底靠近中枢神经系统。该区域覆盖有嗅觉粘膜。设计和定制适合鼻脑给药的配方,建筑,粘膜的结构和理化特性是重要的标准。因此,在这里,我们回顾了关于鼻部特征的最新知识,特别是,嗅觉粘膜需要合理设计鼻内制剂和剂型。此外,该信息适用于全身或局部鼻内药物递送的开发以及鼻内疫苗接种。
The blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier are major obstacles in central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery, since they block most molecules from entering the brain. Alternative drug delivery routes like intraparenchymal or intrathecal are invasive methods with a remaining risk of infections. In contrast, nose-to-brain delivery is a minimally invasive drug administration pathway, which bypasses the blood-brain barrier as the drug is directed from the nasal cavity to the brain. In particular, the skull base located at the roof of the nasal cavity is in close vicinity to the CNS. This area is covered with olfactory mucosa. To design and tailor suitable formulations for nose-to-brain drug delivery, the architecture, structure and physico-chemical characteristics of the mucosa are important criteria. Hence, here we
review the state-of-the-art knowledge about the characteristics of the nasal and, in particular, the olfactory mucosa needed for a rational design of intranasal formulations and dosage forms. Also, the information is suitable for the development of systemic or local intranasal drug delivery as well as for intranasal vaccinations.