目标:大流行已影响全球超过1.82亿例2019年冠状病毒病(COVID-19)病例。越来越多的证据表明,嗅觉缺失是COVID-19患病率高的显著特征之一。然而,COVID-19引起的失语症的许多方面仍未得到充分理解。这篇综述的目的是总结COVID-19引起的失语症的最新进展,以提高对这种情况的认识。
方法:使用PubMed进行了文献检索,Embase,WebofScience,还有Scopus.我们回顾了关于COVID-19引起的失语症的最新文献,包括发病机制,嗅觉测试,作为预测工具,病理检查,影像学发现,影响因素,共存的疾病,治疗,预后,假设理论,和未来的方向。
结果:COVID-19引起的嗅觉缺失的可能发病机制可能涉及严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)对嗅裂的炎症和对嗅觉上皮或嗅觉中枢神经系统的损害。D614G尖峰变体也可能在数量增加的无嗅觉患者中起作用。厌食症也可能是COVID-19传播的重要指标,也是政治决策有效性的早期指标。COVID-19致嗅觉缺失的发生和发展可能受吸烟行为和2型糖尿病等基础疾病的影响,胃食管疾病,和鼻炎。大多数COVID-19引起的嗅觉缺失患者可以在不同的持续时间内完全或部分恢复嗅觉功能。COVID-19诱导的嗅觉缺失可以用多种方法治疗,如糖皮质激素和嗅觉训练。
结论:厌食症是COVID-19的主要特征之一,患者的基础疾病也可能影响其发生发展。COVID-19引起的失语症的可能发病机制非常复杂,这可能涉及嗅裂的炎症和对嗅觉上皮或嗅觉中枢神经系统的损害。
OBJECTIVE: The pandemic has affected over 182 million coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases worldwide. Accumulated evidence indicates that anosmia is one of the significant characteristics of COVID-19 with a high prevalence. However, many aspects of COVID-19-induced anosmia are still far from being fully understood. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent developments in COVID-19-induced anosmia to increase awareness of the condition.
METHODS: A literature search was carried out using the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus. We reviewed the latest literature on COVID-19-induced anosmia, including mechanisms of pathogenesis, olfactory testing, anosmia as predictive tool, pathological examinations, imaging findings, affected factors, co-existing diseases, treatments, prognosis, hypothesis theories, and future directions.
RESULTS: The possible pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced anosmia may involve inflammation of the olfactory clefts and damage to the olfactory epithelium or olfactory central nervous system by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The D614G spike variant may also play a role in the increased number of anosmia patients. Anosmia may also be an essential indicator of COVID-19 spread and an early indicator of the effectiveness of political decisions. The occurrence and development of COVID-19-induced anosmia may be influenced by smoking behaviors and underlying diseases such as type 2 diabetes, gastroesophageal disorders, and rhinitis. Most patients with COVID-19-induced anosmia can fully or partially recover their olfactory function for varying durations. COVID-19-induced anosmia can be treated with various approaches such as glucocorticoids and olfactory training.
CONCLUSIONS: Anosmia is one of the main features of COVID-19 and the underlying disease of the patient may also influence its occurrence and development. The possible pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced anosmia is very complicated, which may involve inflammation of the olfactory clefts and damage to the olfactory epithelium or olfactory central nervous system.