OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation among the three molecular typing method of pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE), repetitive extragenic palindromic(REP)-PCR and en-terobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus(ERIC)-PCR, and to explore the genetic relationship among strains, and to further understand the distribution and epidemic trend of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Liaoning Province by combining Serotype analysis.
METHODS: Serum typing, PFGE, REP-PCR, and ERIC-PCR molecular typing and cluster analysis were performed on 150 VP isolates from Liaoning Province in 2018.
RESULTS: 118 isolates could be divided into 14 Serotype, and 32 isolates could not be classified. The main serotypes were O3, O1 and O2. The resolution(DI) of PFGE is 0.969, the resolution(DI) of REP-PCR is 0.948, and the resolution(DI) of ERIC-PCR is 0.927. The Serotype O3 group strains are highly similar to the molecular types of O1 group strains.
CONCLUSIONS: In 2018, the epidemic Serotype of clinical VP isolates in Liaoning Province is still O3: K6, and the epidemic serotype of food VP isolates is still O2. The result of PFGE, REP-PCR, and ERIC-PCR typing method are consistent, and the resolution and reproducibility of PFGE typing method are superior to the other two method. The Serotype O3 group is closely related to O1 group.

Exposure to suicide is associated with higher mortality, and the health impact varies depending on the types of kinship. However, the moderating role of kinship remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to compare causes of death between individuals exposed to spousal, parental, and child suicide to those exposed to natural or unnatural death. In this study, 1,929,872 individuals were enrolled, of whom 1,726,846 individuals were exposed to natural death, 141,206 individuals were exposed to unnatural death, and 61,820 individuals were exposed to suicide. To compare causes of death between kinship, stratified analysis and moderation analysis were conducted by using the Cox proportional hazard model and the cause-specific hazard model. Although higher mortality from specific causes, such as suicide, homicide, and vascular and unspecified dementia, was observed in individuals exposed to suicide compared to those exposed to natural and unnatural death (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.69 to 23.26), we did not observe higher all-cause mortality when compared to those exposed to unnatural death. Some causes of death were moderated by kinship. When compared to unnatural death, parental or spousal suicide was associated with higher mortality from suicide and homicide than child suicide (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.70 to 15.67), and parental suicide was associated with higher mortality from accidents than spousal suicide (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.81). These findings provide an integral understanding of the role of kinship in the impacts of suicide exposure on causes of death.

Nurturing care and protection from parents and community in the early years of life are fundamental for a child\'s development. The article aims to explore what relations parents see as meaningful in their child\'s upbringing and how these are shaped, and how these perspectives are reflected in MANU. MANU is a universal parenting programme in Greenland. Ten of 40 interviews with parents were selected for the analysis of this article\'s objective. Five grandparents were interviewed. Grandparents are the child\'s closest extended family members and provide support to parents. Parents placed between one to 19 extended family members in their child\'s network. Eating and being in nature together, along with familial and intergenerational connectedness, were deemed valuable and important aspects in child-rearing. Parents\' own experiences in childhood can influence and complicate how parents place their new family within the extended family. The MANU materials address aspects in the role of kin that parents and grandparents described in interviews. The format and delivery of MANU aims to be universal and mostly addresses Western epistemologies, but both Western and Inuit epistemologies coexists in Greenland. This article creates a window into the existing context parents navigate in. It is important that initiatives are built within this context to ensure they are relevant to families.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between diverse medical conditions and depressive symptoms in different profiles of dementia caregivers based on sex and kinship (wives, husbands, daughters, and sons).
METHODS: Individual interviews were conducted with 338 dementia family caregivers. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Spanish version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. Medical conditions encompassed the following physical diseases: high cholesterol, osteoarthritis, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular, brain, kidney, liver, and stomach diseases.Logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify determinants associated to thepresenceof depressive symptoms.
RESULTS: High cholesterol was the most frequent disease among caregivers.Significant differences among groups were found in depressive symptoms: between wives (50.60%) and husbands (28.40%),(p = 0.033), and between daughters (57.00%) and husbands (p = 0.001). Half of the sonsreported thepresenceof depressive symptoms. In daughters, depressive symptomatology was significantly more likely whether they presented a worse reaction to disruptive behaviors, a poor assessment of global deterioration of care recipient, and less perceived health status. Furthermore, daughters were 1.94 times more likely to experience depressive symptoms if they presented medical conditions (p = 0.017).
CONCLUSIONS: Daughter caregivers that have depressive and physical diseases may be an especially vulnerable subgroup of caregivers that may not be the ideal population to provide care. Access to high-quality, evidence-based therapies focused on improving caregivers\' physical health could have a positiveeffecton thepresenceof depressive symptoms, particularly in the case of daughter caregivers.

Serological screening of the relatives of coeliac disease patients is widely endorsed. However, the need for and the optimal timing of possible re-testing of once seronegative at-risk individuals for coeliac disease remain unclear.
We investigated this issue by inviting a large cohort of previously screening-negative relatives of patients with coeliac disease to participate in a follow-up study.
Altogether 599 relatives of coeliac disease index patients not diagnosed with coeliac disease in a screening study carried out in 2006-2010 were asked about possible later diagnosis or re-tested with coeliac disease autoantibodies in 2017-2021. Besides incidence, the possible impact of various patient-related clinical factors and HLA haplotype on the later diagnosis or screening positivity was examined.
Fifteen (2.5%) relatives were either diagnosed with a coeliac disease (n = 8) during the follow-up period or were found to be screening-positive in the re-testing (n = 7), giving a combined annual incidence of 221/100,000 person-years in all relatives and 336/100,000 among those carrying coeliac disease-associated HLA DQ2/DQ8. The new cases more often carried the high-risk (DQ2.5/2.5 or DQ2.5/2.2; 35.7% vs. 7.4%, respectively, p < 0.001) HLA and were younger at initial screening (23.3 vs. 40.5 years, p = 0.028) and - in spite of a negative screening outcome - had higher median transglutaminase antibody level in the first study than those not affected. There were no significant differences between the affected and non-affected relatives in other demographic data, degree of kinship with the index, current symptoms or frequency of chronic co-morbidities.
The incidence rate for later coeliac disease diagnosis or new seropositivity in relatives who had been tested once was 221/100,000 person-years in all and 336/100,000 among those carrying at-risk HLA genetics after ∼10 years of follow-up. HLA-typing could help to target a subgroup of relatives who would benefit most from re-testing.

BACKGROUND: Genetics driven interventions if adopted in conservation breeding projects may enhance the overall success by prioritizing breeding among genetically most competent individuals and delaying or completely diminishing the ill effects of inbreeding.
RESULTS: In the present study, we investigated genetic make-up of 15 tigers housed at five different captive facilities of West Bengal in India and report the moderate level of genetic variation. We identified five tigers based on individual genetic attributes that may be prioritized for future breeding or animal exchange programmes. The occurrence of first and second order related individuals in captivity require management attention and they should be paired considering their immediate genetic background.
CONCLUSIONS: Considering tiger as a case study, we highlight the use of genetic assessment and necessity to validate the studbook records in formulating adaptive management strategies for long-term conservation and management of species of interest.

Ancient human remains have the potential to explain a great deal about the prehistory of humankind. Due to recent technological and bioinformatics advances, their study, at the palaeogenomic level, can provide important information about population dynamics, culture changes, and the lifestyles of our ancestors. In this study, mitochondrial and nuclear genome data obtained from human bone remains associated with the Neolithic Globular Amphorae culture, which were recovered in the Megalithic barrow of Kierzkowo (Poland), were reanalysed to gain insight into the social organisation and use of the archaeological site and to provide information at the individual level. We were able to successfully estimate the minimum number of individuals, sex, kin relationships, and phenotypic traits of the buried individuals, despite the low level of preservation of the bone samples and the intricate taphonomic conditions. In addition, the evaluation of damage patterns allowed us to highlight the presence of \"intruders\"-that is, of more recent skeletal remains that did not belong to the original burial. Due to its characteristics, the study of the Kierzkowo barrow represented a challenge for the reconstruction of the biological profile of the human community who exploited it and an excellent example of the contribution that ancient genomic analysis can provide to archaeological reconstruction.

Wildlife restoration often involves translocation efforts to reintroduce species and supplement small, fragmented populations. We examined the genomic consequences of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) translocations and population isolation to enhance understanding of evolutionary processes that affect population genetics and inform future restoration strategies. We conducted a population genomic analysis of 511 bighorn sheep from 17 areas, including native and reintroduced populations that received 0-10 translocations. Using the Illumina High Density Ovine array, we generated datasets of 6,155 to 33,289 single nucleotide polymorphisms and completed clustering, population tree, and kinship analyses. Our analyses determined that natural gene flow did not occur between most populations, including two pairs of native herds that had past connectivity. We synthesized genomic evidence across analyses to evaluate 24 different translocation events and detected eight successful reintroductions (i.e., lack of signal for recolonization from nearby populations) and five successful augmentations (i.e., reproductive success of translocated individuals) based on genetic similarity with the source populations. A single native population founded six of the reintroduced herds, suggesting that environmental conditions did not need to match for populations to persist following reintroduction. Augmentations consisting of 18-57 animals including males and females succeeded, whereas augmentations of two males did not result in a detectable genetic signature. Our results provide insight on genomic distinctiveness of native and reintroduced herds, information on the relative success of reintroduction and augmentation efforts and their associated attributes, and guidance to enhance genetic contribution of augmentations and reintroductions to aid in bighorn sheep restoration.

Background: Individuals with acquired limb loss are faced with various challenges. Family networks become important in facilitating coping and recovery, but the limited research into their own experiences has so far only examined spousal and parental carers.Aims: This research aimed to: understand the experiences of acquired limb loss from the perspective of the family network; and to develop a theoretical model to explain how they experience limb loss of the other. The use of \'network\' was adopted to include kin self-identified as family.Method: Participants (n = 14) were recruited nationally. Interviews were conducted in a process moving from unstructured, semi-structured and structured interviews, using Grounded Theory method.Findings: A theoretical model was developed around the interaction of five core categories. Families witness the difficulties faced by the person with limb loss, leading to a responsibility to provide support. Families subsequently experience various challenges of limb loss; together with numerous emotional reactions. Various forms of coping are used in order to resolve these experiences.Conclusions: Families are involved in the processes and challenges of an amputation in another family member, regardless of aetiology, gender or relationship structure. The theoretical model can be understood through the integration of existing research. The issues identified indicate potential considerations for services supporting such families.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONThe challenges and emotions experienced by family members have potential consequences for the support offered to the person with limb loss.This could ultimately influence the physical and psychological rehabilitation of the person with limb loss.Services should support families in witnessing difficulties in the person with limb loss, adjusting to relational changes and managing health care systems.

Are \'statistical households\', as defined in national censuses, able to describe the family environment in Africa? Do they correspond to the family units that individuals identify with? To address this issue, we build on a follow-up survey in south-east Mali, which links national censuses with local censuses at the individual level (N ≈ 28,000 census observations). Three cross-sectional snapshots of family arrangements are compared: households recorded in national censuses, and family economic units and residential units recorded by local censuses. The national census household data appear poorly suited to documenting family living arrangements. They do not account for family economic units or residential units, but are highly conditioned by a normative representation centred on the nuclear family. Therefore, they fail to describe the complexity and diversity of people\'s living spaces, making particular types of living arrangements invisible and increasing the likelihood of omitting individuals who do not fit into a nuclear model.