BACKGROUND: Inner Mongolia cashmere goat (IMCG), renowned for its superior cashmere quality, is a Chinese indigenous goat breed that has been developed through natural and artificial selection over a long period. However, recently, the genetic resources of IMCGs have been significantly threatened by the introduction of cosmopolitan goat breeds and the absence of adequate breed protection systems.
RESULTS: In order to assess the conservation effectiveness of IMCGs and efficiently preserve and utilize the purebred germplasm resources, this study analyzed the genetic diversity, kinship, family structure, and inbreeding of IMCGs utilizing resequencing data from 225 randomly selected individuals analyzed using the Plink (v.1.90), GCTA (v.1.94.1), and R (v.4.2.1) software. A total of 12,700,178 high-quality SNPs were selected through quality control from 34,248,064 SNP sites obtained from 225 individuals. The average minor allele frequency (MAF), polymorphic information content (PIC), and Shannon information index (SHI) were 0.253, 0.284, and 0.530, respectively. The average observed heterozygosity (Ho) and the average expected heterozygosity (He) were 0.355 and 0.351, respectively. The analysis of the identity by state distance matrix and genomic relationship matrix has shown that most individuals\' genetic distance and genetic relationship are far away, and the inbreeding coefficient is low. The family structure analysis identified 10 families among the 23 rams. A total of 14,109 runs of homozygosity (ROH) were identified in the 225 individuals, with an average ROH length of 1014.547 kb. The average inbreeding coefficient, calculated from ROH, was 0.026 for the overall population and 0.027 specifically among the 23 rams, indicating a low level of inbreeding within the conserved population.
CONCLUSIONS: The IMCGs exhibited moderate polymorphism and a low level of kinship with inbreeding occurring among a limited number of individuals. Simultaneously, it is necessary to prevent the loss of bloodline to guarantee the perpetuation of the IMCGs\' germplasm resources.

Kinship inference has been a major issue in forensic genetics, and it remains to be solved when there is no prior hypothesis and the relationships between multiple individuals are unknown. In this study, we genotyped 91 microhaplotypes from 46 pedigree samples using massive parallel sequencing and inferred their relatedness by calculating the likelihood ratio (LR). Based on simulated and real data, different treatments were applied in the presence and absence of relatedness assumptions. The pedigree of multiple individuals was reconstructed by calculating pedigree likelihoods based on real pedigree samples. The results showed that the 91 MHs could discriminate pairs of second-degree relatives from unrelated individuals. And more highly polymorphic loci were needed to discriminate the pairs of second-degree or more distant relative from other degrees of relationship, but correct classification could be obtained by expanding the suspected relationship searched to other relationships with lower LR values. Multiple individuals with unknown relationships can be successfully reconstructed if they are closely related. Our study provides a solution for kinship inference when there are no prior assumptions, and explores the possibility of pedigree reconstruction when the relationships of multiple individuals are unknown.

DNA mixtures are a common sample type in forensic genetics, and we typically assume that contributors to the mixture are unrelated when calculating the likelihood ratio (LR). However, scenarios involving mixtures with related contributors, such as in family murder or incest cases, can also be encountered. Compared to the mixtures with unrelated contributors, the kinship within the mixture would bring additional challenges for the inference of the number of contributors (NOC) and the construction of probabilistic genotyping models. To evaluate the influence of potential kinship on the individual identification of the person of interest (POI), we conducted simulations of two-person (2 P) and three-person (3 P) DNA mixtures containing unrelated or related contributors (parent-child, full-sibling, and uncle-nephew) at different mixing ratios (for 2 P: 1:1, 4:1, 9:1, and 19:1; for 3 P: 1:1:1, 2:1:1, 5:4:1, and 10:5:1), and performed massively parallel sequencing (MPS) using MGIEasy Signature Identification Library Prep Kit on MGI platform. In addition, in silico simulations of mixtures with unrelated and related contributors were also performed. In this study, we evaluated 1): the MPS performance; 2) the influence of multiple genetic markers on determining the presence of related contributors and inferring the NOC within the mixture; 3) the probability distribution of MAC (maximum allele count) and TAC (total allele count) based on in silico mixture profiles; 4) trends in LR values with and without considering kinship in mixtures with related and unrelated contributors; 5) trends in LR values with length- and sequence-based STR genotypes. Results indicated that multiple numbers and types of genetic markers positively influenced kinship and NOC inference in a mixture. The LR values of POI were strongly dependent on the mixing ratio. Non- and correct-kinship hypotheses essentially did not affect the individual identification of the major POI; the correct kinship hypothesis yielded more conservative LR values; the incorrect kinship hypothesis did not necessarily lead to the failure of POI individual identification. However, it is noteworthy that these considerations could lead to uncertain outcomes in the identification of minor contributors. Compared to length-based STR genotyping, using sequence-based STR genotype increases the individual identification power of the POI, concurrently improving the accuracy of mixing ratio inference using EuroForMix. In conclusion, the MGIEasy Signature Identification Library Prep kit demonstrated robust individual identification power, which is a viable MPS panel for forensic DNA mixture interpretations, whether involving unrelated or related contributors.

The systematic revision of the family Peristediidae remains an unresolved issue due to their diverse and unique morphology. Despite the popularity of using mitochondrial genome research to comprehensively understand phylogenetic relationships in fish, genetic data for peristediid fish need to be included. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the mitochondrial genomic characteristics and intra-family phylogenetic relationships of Peristediidae by utilizing mitochondrial genome analysis. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the phylogenetic relationship of Peristediidae by utilizing mitochondrial genome analysis. The mitochondrial genome of four species of Peristediidae (Peristedion liorhynchus, Satyrichthys welchi, Satyrichthys rieffeli, and Scalicus amiscus) collected in the East China Sea was studied. The mitochondrial gene sequence lengths of four fish species were 16,533 bp, 16,526 bp, 16,527 bp, and 16,526 bp, respectively. They had the same mitochondrial structure and were all composed of 37 genes and one control region. Most PCGs used ATG as the start codon, and a few used GTG as the start codon. An incomplete stop codon (TA/T) occurred. The AT-skew and GC-skew values of 13 PCGs from four species were negative, and the GC-skew amplitude was greater than that of AT-skew. All cases of D-arm were found in tRNA-Ser (GCT). The Ka/Ks ratio analysis indicated that 13 PCGs were suffering purifying selection. Based on 12 PCGs (excluding ND6) sequences, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods, providing a further supplement to the scientific classification of Peristediidae fish. According to the results of divergence time, the four species of fish had apparent divergence in the Early Cenozoic, which indicates that the geological events at that time caused the climax of species divergence and evolution.

The pedigree likelihood ratio (LR) can be used for determining kinship in the forensic kinship testing. LR can be obtained by analyzing the DNA data of Short tandem repeat (STR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci. With the advancement of biotechnology, increasing number of genetic markers have been identified, thereby expanding the pedigree range of kinship testing. Moreover, some of the loci are physically closer to each other and genetic linkage between loci is inevitable. LRs can be calculated by accounting for linkage or ignoring linkage (LRlinkage and LRignore, respectively). GeneVisa is a software for kinship testing (www.genevisa.net) and adopts the Lander-Green algorithm to deal with genetic linkage. Herein, we used the simulation program of the software GeneVisa to investigate the effects of genetic linkage on 1st-degree, 2nd-degree, and 3rd-degree kinship testing. We used this software to simulate LRlinkage and LRignore values based on 43 STRs and 134 SNPs in commercial kits by using the allele frequency rate and genetic distance data of the European population. The effects of linkage on LR distribution and LRs of routine cases were investigated by comparing the LRlinkage values with the LRignore values. Our results revealed that the linkage effect on LR distributions is small, but the effect on LRs of routine cases may be large. Moreover, the results indicated that the discriminatory power of genetic markers for kinship testing can be improved by accounting for linkage.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the technical performance of IDentifier DNA typing kit (YanHuang34) and evaluate its forensic application value.
METHODS: Following the Criterion of Forensic Science Human Fluorescence STR Multiplex Amplification Reagent (GB/T 37226-2018), IDentifier DNA typing kit (YanHuang34) was verified in 11 aspects of species specificity, veracity, sensibility, adaptability, inhibitor tolerance, consistency, balance, reaction condition verification, mixed samples, stability and inter batch consistency. The system efficiency of IDentifier DNA typing kit (YanHuang34) was compared with the PowerPlex® Fusion 6C System, VersaPlex® 27PY System and VeriFilerTM Plus PCR Amplification Kit. The IDentifier DNA typing kit (YanHuang34) was used to detect the swabs of biological samples in daily cases and the STR performances were observed.
RESULTS: IDentifier DNA typing kit (YanHuang34) had good species specificity, veracity, adaptability, inhibitor tolerance and balance. The sensibility was up to 0.062 5 ng. It was able to detect different types of samples, degraded samples and inhibitor mixed samples. Complete DNA typing could be obtained for samples with the mixture ratio less than 4∶1. The system efficiency of IDentifier DNA typing kit (YanHuang34) was very high, with TDP up to 1-1.08×10-37, CPEtrio and CPEduo up to 1-5.47×10-14 and 1-6.43×10-9, respectively. For the touched biological samples in actual cases, the effective detection rate was 21.05%. The system efficiency of kinship, single parent and full sibling identifications was effectively improved.
CONCLUSIONS: The IDentifier DNA typing kit (YanHuang34) is adaptive to the GB/T 37226-2018 requirements. It can be used for individual identification and paternity identification, and is suitable for application in the field of forensic science.
目的: 测试IDentifier DNA分型盒（炎黄34）的技术性能指标，评估其法医学应用价值。方法: 根据《法庭科学人类荧光标记STR复合扩增检测试剂质量基本要求》（GB/T 37226—2018），从种属特异性、分型准确性、灵敏度、适应性、耐受性、一致性、均衡性、反应条件验证、混合样本、稳定性、批间差11个方面对IDentifier DNA分型盒（炎黄34）进行测试。比较IDentifier DNA分型盒（炎黄34）与PowerPlex® Fusion 6C系统、VersaPlex® 27PY系统、VeriFilerTM Plus PCR扩增试剂盒的系统效能。使用IDentifier DNA分型盒（炎黄34）检测日常案件中的拭子类生物检材，观察其STR检验结果。结果: IDentifier DNA分型盒（炎黄34）具有良好的种属特异性、分型准确性、适应性、耐受性和均衡性，灵敏度可达0.062 5 ng，能检测案件中不同类型的检材、降解检材及混有抑制剂的检材，对混合比例为4∶1以内的样本均能获得完整分型。该试剂盒的系统效能非常高，TDP可达1-1.08×10-37，CPEtrio和CPEduo分别可达1-5.47×10-14和1-6.43×10-9。针对案件中的接触类生物检材，其有效检出率可达21.05%。针对亲缘关系鉴定，单亲鉴定和全同胞鉴定的系统效能均得到了有效提高。结论: IDentifier DNA分型盒（炎黄34）的上述性能指标符合要求，可用于个体识别及亲权鉴定，适合在法庭科学领域应用。.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation among the three molecular typing method of pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE), repetitive extragenic palindromic(REP)-PCR and en-terobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus(ERIC)-PCR, and to explore the genetic relationship among strains, and to further understand the distribution and epidemic trend of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Liaoning Province by combining Serotype analysis.
METHODS: Serum typing, PFGE, REP-PCR, and ERIC-PCR molecular typing and cluster analysis were performed on 150 VP isolates from Liaoning Province in 2018.
RESULTS: 118 isolates could be divided into 14 Serotype, and 32 isolates could not be classified. The main serotypes were O3, O1 and O2. The resolution(DI) of PFGE is 0.969, the resolution(DI) of REP-PCR is 0.948, and the resolution(DI) of ERIC-PCR is 0.927. The Serotype O3 group strains are highly similar to the molecular types of O1 group strains.
CONCLUSIONS: In 2018, the epidemic Serotype of clinical VP isolates in Liaoning Province is still O3: K6, and the epidemic serotype of food VP isolates is still O2. The result of PFGE, REP-PCR, and ERIC-PCR typing method are consistent, and the resolution and reproducibility of PFGE typing method are superior to the other two method. The Serotype O3 group is closely related to O1 group.

UNASSIGNED: While the rapid advancement of urbanization has driven the improvement of material living standards, it has also brought about rapid social changes and intensified competition. In this \"involutive\" environment characterized by highly competitive and strong pressure, urban residents tend to fall into a state of \"mental exhaustion.\" Anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and other mental illnesses have seriously threatened public health in Chinese cities. Support from social relations is crucial for enhancing residents\' subjective well-being (SWB) and promoting their mental health, especially in China\'s highly contextualized collectivist culture.
UNASSIGNED: According to the social structure of China\'s \"difference sequence pattern,\" this paper constructs a theoretical framework of the relationship between social relations and SWB based on the convoy model and uses CGSS2018 data to verify the applicability of the theoretical framework.
UNASSIGNED: Kinship and friendship positively relate to SWB, and their interaction effect is significantly negative. There is no necessary correlation between neighborhood and SWB. The relationship between social relations and SWB of different age groups is heterogeneous. In addition, the moderating effects of relative income and social class are significantly negative.
UNASSIGNED: Kinship and friendship are Chinese urban residents\' SWB convoys, and these two factors have an obvious substitution effect. The neighborhood has withdrawn from the convoy orbit of Chinese urban residents\' SWB, which may be related to neighborhood indifference caused by China\'s housing system reform. From the life course perspective, the SWB convoys of young and middle-aged groups consist of kinship and friendship, while those of elderly people include kinship and neighborhood. In addition, for poor individuals living at the bottom of society, support from kinship is the most important source of social capital. These findings provide new insights into the relationship between social relations and the welfare of Chinese urban residents.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a guideline for genealogy inference and family lineage investigation through a study of the mismatch tolerance distribution of Y-STR loci in Chinese Han male lineage.
METHODS: Three Han lineages with clear genetic relationships were selected. YFiler Platinum PCR amplification Kit was used to obtain the typing data of 35 Y-STR loci in male samples. The variation of Y-STR haplotypes in generation inheritance and the mismatch tolerance at 1-7 kinship levels were statistically analyzed.
RESULTS: Mutations in Y-STR were family-specific with different mutation loci and numbers of mutation in different lineages. Among all the mutations, 66.03% were observed on rapidly and fast mutating loci. At 1-7 kinship levels, the number of mismatch tolerance ranged from 0 to 5 on all 35 Y-STR loci, with a maximum step size of 6. On medium and slow mutant loci, the number of mismatch tolerance ranged from 0 to 2, with a maximum step size of 3; on rapidly and fast mutant loci, the number of mismatch tolerance ranged from 0 to 3, with a maximum step size of 6.
CONCLUSIONS: Combined use of SNP genealogy inference and Y-STR lineage investigation, both 0 and multiple mismatch tolerance need to be considered. Family lineage with 0-3 mismatch tolerance on all 35 Y-STR loci and 0-1 mismatch tolerance on medium and slow loci can be prioritized for screening. When the number of mismatch tolerance is eligible, family lineages with long steps should be carefully excluded. Meanwhile, adding fast mutant loci should also be handled with caution.
目的: 研究中国汉族家系中Y-STR基因座容差规律，为SNP系谱推断与家系排查联用工作提供家系选择依据。方法: 选取3个遗传关系清晰的汉族家系，利用YFiler Platinum PCR扩增试剂盒，得到所采男性样本35个Y-STR基因座分型数据，统计分析Y-STR单倍型在世代遗传中的变化及1~7级亲缘关系中的容差。结果: 各家系突变基因座及突变次数有差异，Y-STR突变具有家系特异性，66.03%的突变发生在快、高速突变基因座。1~7级亲缘对在35个Y-STR基因座上容差在0~5个，最远6步长；在中、慢速突变基因座上容差在0~2个，最远3步长；在快、高速突变基因座上容差在0~3个，最远6步长。结论: 联合应用SNP系谱推断技术与Y-STR家系排查，0容差及多容差均需考虑。可优先筛查在全部35个Y-STR基因座上0~3个容差且在中、慢速基因座上0~1个容差的家系。差异数符合条件时，步长较远的家系应谨慎排除。同时，应谨慎增加快速突变基因座。.

OBJECTIVE: To establish an analytical method for half sibling testing involving common three relatives\' participation.
METHODS: Based on the half sibling testing scenarios with the known biological mother, grandfather or uncle, and two unidentified controversial half siblings participating, two opposing hypotheses were set. Lineage reconstruction according to Mendel\'s law of heredity was carried out, and the calculation formula of the half sibling kinship index was derived. Verification of actual cases was carried out and the results were compared with duo half sibling testing.
RESULTS: In the scenarios of the known biological mother, grandfather and uncle participating in half sibling testing, the kinship calculation formulae of 54, 91 and 99 genotype combinations for kinship index calculation were deduced respectively. The actual cases showed higher kinship indexes in trio half sibling testing compared with duo half sibling testing.
CONCLUSIONS: It is beneficial to obtain more genetic information for family reconstruction and improvement of the strength of genetic evidence for half sibling testing by adding known relatives.
目的: 建立常见的三个体参与进行半同胞关系鉴定的分析方法。方法: 针对已知关系的母亲、爷爷或叔叔和两个有争议的半同胞参与的鉴定场景，分别设定两个对立假设，按照孟德尔遗传定律进行家系重建，推导半同胞亲缘关系指数计算公式。通过实际案件进行验证，并与两个体配对半同胞关系鉴定比较。结果: 在母亲、爷爷和叔叔分别参与的三个体半同胞鉴定场景，分别推算得到54、91及99种基因型组合的亲缘关系指数计算公式。实际案例分析结果显示，与两个体配对半同胞鉴定相比，三个体参与半同胞鉴定的亲缘关系指数均增大。结论: 增加已知亲属参与半同胞关系鉴定有利于获得更多的遗传信息进行家系重建，提高半同胞关系鉴定的遗传证据强度。.