背景:全球危机,无论它们开始传播的地方或触发它们的因素如何,需要一个全面的方法,主要基于良好的沟通,合作和相互支持。任何个人和机构都不应该对危机无动于衷,但是,相反,要充分意识到,任何参与遏制它们的行为都很重要。尽管人类会受到各种危机的影响,在这篇论文中,我们提到了与COVID-19大流行有关的文章。我们的选择有一定的理由:首先,对人们有强烈影响的震惊,它的分析应该从几个角度进行;这可能会在发达国家揭示一幅具有不同传播和抵消它的措施的图像,尤其是那些资源短缺的人。其次,在针对COVID-19的疫苗出现的背景下,通过疫苗接种过程与表征治理的要素之间的关系来概述COVID-19是有帮助的,具有全球国家/地区类别的差异化仪表板:低,中等和高收入国家。我们的研究远没有捕捉到这种社会问题所产生的复杂性,而是旨在概述治理在为新冠肺炎危机提供坚定反应方面的决定性作用。
方法:鉴于我们的样本由大量国家组成,即170,首先,一起检查,然后,分成三组(高,中等和低收入),解决与COVID-19疫苗接种相关的治理是具有挑战性的,,以了解它们之间的相互作用以及世界银行的六个总体治理指标(WorldwideGovernanceIndicators)中的每个指标在此过程中的反映。即使它们在相对较短的时间内没有强烈振荡,报告健康问题需要一个连续的清单,考虑到更近的时间间隔,以便能够迅速采取行动。因此,为了更好地区分COVID-19疫苗接种过程是如何在低位进化的,中高收入国家,以及它是如何被治理所烙印的,我们每季度介绍一次情况(3月,六月,9月和12月),2021年是全球免疫运动最激烈的一年。关于应用的方法,我们提到了具有稳健估计的OLS回归和面板模型,用于调查COVID-19疫苗接种的决定因素,其中一些描述了良好的治理,以及其他尺寸。
结果:研究结果指出,政府对COVID-19疫苗接种的影响取决于一个国家是否属于高,中等或低收入类型学:在高收入国家遇到了对疫苗接种治理的最强决定论,低收入人群中最弱的;在某些情况下,治理并不重要。然而,探索研究中包括的三组州,据观察,这种关系中最相关的因素是政府有效性,监管质量和腐败控制。
结论:除了管理指标对COVID-19疫苗接种的重要性排序之外,我们的研究表明,总的来说,治理在所选样本的水平上积极影响疫苗接种率。在规范方面,这些发现可以转化为以下事实:它们可以作为信息,以提高人们对体制框架存在的相关性的认识,该体制框架允许根据每个国家的模式制定战略,特别是因为可操作的工具依赖于可用的资源。作为一般结论,公共政策的设计应加强对疫苗接种法规和政府的信任,减少这场健康危机的多方面负面影响,并希望彻底结束这场危机。
Global crises, regardless of the place where they started to spread or of the factors that triggered them, require a comprehensive approach, primarily based on good communication, cooperation and mutual support. No individual and no institution should remain indifferent to crises but, on the contrary, be fully aware that any involvement in curbing them matters. Although humanity can be affected by various types of crises, in this paper we refer to the one related to COVID-19 pandemic. There are certain reasons that come to justify our choice: first of all, being a shock with a strong impact on people, its analysis should be performed from several angles; this may bring to light an image with its disparate propagation and measures to counteract it both in developed countries, and especially in those with a shortage of resources. Secondly, in the context of the emergence of vaccines against COVID-19, it is helpful to have an overview of COVID-19 through the lens of the relationship between the vaccination process and the elements that characterize governance, with a differentiated dashboard by country categories worldwide: low, middle and high-income countries. Our study is far from capturing the complexity arising from such social problem, but rather aims to outline the defining role of governance when it comes to providing firm reactions to the COVID-19 crisis.
Given that our sample consists of a large number of countries, namely 170, first, examined all together, and then, split into three groups (high, middle and low-income), it is challenging to address governance in association with COVID-19 vaccination, in order to see how much they interact and how each of the six aggregate governance indicators of the World Bank (Worldwide Governance Indicators) is reflected in this process. Even if they do not oscillate strongly over relatively short periods of time, reporting on health issues requires a sequential inventory, considering closer time intervals, so as to be able to act promptly. Thus, to better distinguish how the COVID-19 vaccination process evolved in low, middle and high-income countries, but also how it was imprinted by governance, we present the situation quarterly (March, June, September and December), in 2021, the year when the immunization campaigns were the most intense at the global level. Regarding the applied methods, we mention both OLS regressions with robust estimators and a panel model, used to investigate the determinants of COVID-19 vaccination, some of them describing the good governance, as well as other dimensions.
The findings point out that the influence of governance on COVID-19 vaccination differs depending on whether a country belongs to high, middle or low-income typology: the strongest determinism of governance on vaccination is encountered in high-income countries, and the weakest in low-income ones; in some cases, governance does not matter significantly. However, exploring the three groups of states included in the research, it is observed that the most relevant factors in this relationship are government effectiveness, regulatory quality and control of corruption.
Besides the order of importance of governance indicators on COVID-19 vaccination, our study indicates that, overall, governance positively shapes the vaccination rate at the level of the chosen sample. In normative terms, these findings can be translated particularly by the fact that they can serve as information to raise awareness on the relevance of the existence of an institutional framework that allows the formulation of strategies according to the patterns of each country, especially since the actionable tools depend on the available resources. As a general conclusion, public policies should be designed in such a way as to strengthen trust in vaccination regulations and in governments, to reduce the multifaceted negative effects of this health crisis and to hope for its total end.