晚枯病(LWD)是一种在玉米发育后期爆发的血管性枯萎病,通常在开花期间或之后。疾病的病原体,土壤和种子传播的真菌,稻瘟病,在埃及造成重大经济损失,以色列,西班牙,葡萄牙,和印度。自从1960年代初在埃及发现以来,该疾病的知识库得到了显着扩展。这包括病原体及其作用方式的基本信息,疾病症状和损害,研究和监测病原体的方法,最重要的是,控制策略,以抑制M.maydis和减少其对商业玉米生产的影响。三种方法从所检查的各种控制方法中脱颖而出。首先,对化学农药的传统使用进行了广泛的研究。这种方法引起了人们的注意,在2018-2020年,即使在LWD的严重病例中,基于Azoxstrobin的可行且经济的治疗(单独或与其他杀真菌剂组合)也被证明是有效的。第二,近年来,用生态友好型生物和其他绿色协议代替化学处理的趋势变得越来越重要,并已经取得了重大成就。最后但并非最不重要的,当今应对LWD的主要策略是依靠抗性玉米基因型。在过去的二十年中,基于分子的诊断方法的引入以追踪和鉴定病原体标志着这一全球努力的重大进展。尽管如此,世界范围内的研究工作进展相对缓慢,因为这种疾病在世界大多数地区被认为是外来的和陌生的。本综述总结了LWD积累的知识,它的因果代理,和疾病的影响。将解决的另一个重要方面是对风险和知识差距的未来观点。
Late wilt (LWD) is a vascular wilt disease that outbursts late in maize development, usually during or after flowering. The disease causal agent, the soil and seed-borne fungi, Magnaporthiopsis maydis, causes significant economic losses in Egypt, Israel, Spain, Portugal, and India. Since its discovery in the early 1960s in Egypt, the knowledge base of the disease was significantly expanded. This includes basic information on the pathogen and its mode of action, disease symptoms and damages, methods to study and monitor the pathogen, and above all, control strategies to restrain M. maydis and reduce its impact on commercial maize production. Three approaches stand out from the various control methods inspected. First, the traditional use of chemical pesticides was investigated extensively. This approach gained attention when, in 2018-2020, a feasible and economical treatment based on Azoxystrobin (alone or in combination with other fungicides) was proven to be effective even in severe cases of LWD. Second, the growing trend of replacing chemical treatments with eco-friendly biological and other green protocols has become increasingly important in recent years and has already made significant achievements. Last but not least, today\'s leading strategy to cope with LWD is to rely on resistant maize genotypes. The past two decades\' introduction of molecular-based diagnostic methods to track and identify the pathogen marked significant progress in this global effort. Still, worldwide research efforts are progressing relatively slowly since the disease is considered exotic and unfamiliar in most parts of the world. The current
review summarizes the accumulated knowledge on LWD, its causal agent, and the disease implications. An additional important aspect that will be addressed is a future perspective on risks and knowledge gaps.