温度,水,太阳辐射,大气CO2浓度是全球变暖过程中变化的主要非生物因素。这些非生物因素控制着初级(糖,氨基酸,有机酸,等。)和次级(酚类和挥发性风味化合物及其前体)代谢物直接,通过调节它们的生物合成途径,或者间接地,通过它们对藤蔓生理和物候的影响。在葡萄浆果中已鉴定出数百种次生代谢产物。它们的生物合成和降解已被表征,并已被证明发生在浆果的不同发育阶段。了解不同的非生物因素如何调节次生代谢并因此调节浆果质量对于育种者和种植者开发植物材料和葡萄栽培实践以在全球变暖的背景下保持高质量的水果和葡萄酒生产至关重要。这里,我们回顾了葡萄浆果的主要次生代谢产物,它们的生物合成,以及它们的积累和降解如何受到非生物因素的影响。审查的第一部分提供了结构更新,生物合成,和降解酚类化合物(类黄酮和非类黄酮)和主要香气化合物(萜烯,硫醇,甲氧基吡嗪,和C13降异戊二烯类)。第二部分对非生物因素的影响进行了更新,例如水的可用性,温度,辐射,和二氧化碳浓度,对浆果的次生代谢。在论文的最后,我们提出了一些关键的问题,关于种内浆果异质性和稀释效应,以及采样策略如何影响葡萄藤浆果对非生物因素反应的研究结果。
Temperature, water, solar radiation, and atmospheric CO2 concentration are the main abiotic factors that are changing in the course of global warming. These abiotic factors govern the synthesis and degradation of primary (sugars, amino acids, organic acids, etc.) and secondary (phenolic and volatile flavor compounds and their precursors) metabolites directly, via the regulation of their biosynthetic pathways, or indirectly, via their effects on vine physiology and phenology. Several hundred secondary metabolites have been identified in the grape berry. Their biosynthesis and degradation have been characterized and have been shown to occur during different developmental stages of the berry. The understanding of how the different abiotic factors modulate secondary metabolism and thus berry quality is of crucial importance for breeders and growers to develop plant material and viticultural practices to maintain high-quality fruit and wine production in the context of global warming. Here, we
review the main secondary metabolites of the grape berry, their biosynthesis, and how their accumulation and degradation is influenced by abiotic factors. The first part of the
review provides an update on structure, biosynthesis, and degradation of phenolic compounds (flavonoids and non-flavonoids) and major aroma compounds (terpenes, thiols, methoxypyrazines, and C13 norisoprenoids). The second part gives an update on the influence of abiotic factors, such as water availability, temperature, radiation, and CO2 concentration, on berry secondary metabolism. At the end of the paper, we raise some critical questions regarding intracluster berry heterogeneity and dilution effects and how the sampling strategy can impact the outcome of studies on the grapevine berry response to abiotic factors.