The article considers particular aspects of the problem of studying the history of medicine in the USSR as educational and scientific practical discipline. On one hand, the history of medicine as educational academic discipline can quite be \"ideologized\", since education implies not only learning but also education of young man as patriot and citizen. On the other hand, history of medicine as scientific practical discipline is to be delivered from politics and ideology. However, this is determined in greater degree not so much by totalitarian pressing or liberalism of social system as by professionalism and world view of researcher. The monograph by S. N. Zatravkin and E. A. Vishlenkova \"\"The Clubs\" and \"the ghetto\" of the Soviet Health Care\" (2022), dedicated to the Soviet health care and its ideological essence, also is considered. The high significance of the book for understanding of becoming of medicine in the USSR is emphasized. However, this scholar work does not consider medical care of population of the country in clinics of medical universities and academic research institutes of the USSR. Enough attention is not paid to the history of medicine in the USSR as a science. The role of scientific schools in creating foundation for development of medicine in Russia in the late XX and early XXI centuries.

Kazakhstan is known as a country with a complex radioecological situation resulting from different sources such as a natural radiation background, extensive activities of the industrial system of the former Soviet Union and a well-known testing of nuclear power weapons occurred in the Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS) area. The present study focuses on the assessment of the background of dicentric chromosomes in Kazakhstan\'s population, which is the starting point in the dose assessment of irradiated people, since the baseline level of spontaneous dicentrics can vary significantly in different populations. In this context, aiming to determine the background frequency of chromosome aberrations in the population of Kazakhstan, considering the heterogeneity of natural radiation background levels of its large territory, a selection of 40 control subjects living in four cities of North, South, West and East Kazakhstan was performed. The cytogenetic study on the selected groups showed fairly low background frequency values of chromosome aberrations (0.84 ± 0.83 per 1000 cells), comparable with other data in the literature on general populations, reporting background frequency values between 0.54 and 2.99 per 1000 cells. The obtained results should be taken into account when constructing the dose-effect calibration curve used in cytogenetic biodosimetry, as a \"zero\" dose point, which will reduce the uncertainty in quantifying the individual absorbed dose in emergency radiological situations.

People with limited health literacy may have trouble finding, understanding, and using health-related information and services and navigating the healthcare system.
The purpose of this study was to assess the health literacy of immigrants from the former Soviet Union (FSU) using the Health Literacy Survey (HLS19-Q12 in Russian) and explore associated socio-demographic factors.
This mixed methods study recruited adult immigrants through social networks and social media and included data from online survey and follow-up interviews. Variance in health literacy was explained using multiple linear regression. Qualitative data were analyzed through modified Grounded Theory approach.
Survey respondents (n = 318) were primarily female college-educated FSU immigrants aged 20-74 from 14 of the 15 FSU countries and distributed across 33 US states. Forty percent scored at or below predefined cut-offs for inadequate or problematic health literacy levels. Social status, social support, and English proficiency were significant variables in explaining variance in health literacy scores while controlling for age, gender, and education. Interviews (n = 24) identified eight themes: English proficiency, social support, health insurance, experience with health care, complexity of the US healthcare system, relevant health information, health beliefs/practices, and trust.
There is a need to distribute health-related information in the native language (e.g., Russian), potentially through social media and immigrants\' social networks. Health providers should be aware of the prevalence of inadequate and problematic health literacy among FSU immigrants and consider associated social factors.

Resettlers are a large migrant group of more than 2 million people in Germany who migrated mainly from the former Soviet Union to Germany after 1989. We sought to compare the distribution of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to investigate the overall genetic differences in a study population which consisted of resettlers and native (autochthone) Germans. This was a joint analysis of two cohort studies which were performed in the region of Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany, with 3363 native Germans and 363 resettlers. Data from questionnaires and physical examinations were used to compare the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases between the resettlers and native Germans. A population-based genome-wide association analysis was performed in order to identify the genetic differences between the two groups. The distribution of the major risk factors for CVD differed between the two groups. The resettlers lead a less active lifestyle. While female resettlers smoked less than their German counterparts, the men showed similar smoking behavior. SNPs from three genes (BTNL2, DGKB, TGFBR3) indicated a difference in the two populations. In other studies, these genes have been shown to be associated with CVD, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis, respectively.

Current research largely tends to ignore the drug-testing model that was developed in the \"Second World\" as an explicit alternative to the randomized controlled trial. This system can be described as \"socialist pharmapolitics,\" accounting for the specific features of state socialism that influenced the development and testing of experimental drugs. The clinical trials model employed in the \"Second World\" was heavily influenced by the Soviet Union, which was by far the most influential player in the socialist bloc during the Cold War. Based on extensive archival research, this article presents an empirical case of a late Soviet clinical trial as a pragmatic alternative to the randomized controlled trial model. It accounts for the divergences between the official model prescribed by the Soviet authorities and the messy realities of healthcare practice. It further outlines different factors that ultimately shaped how clinical trials were organized in Soviet institutions \"on the ground.\" Accordingly, this article presents a \"real-life\" history of \"socialist pharmapolitics\" and outlines the problems that this system faced in practice.
Archival research was conducted at the Russian State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation in Moscow. Archival files include scientific, technical, and registration documentation such as biochemical, pharmacological, and clinical descriptions of the experimental drug Meldonium, letters between various hospitals, research institutes and the Soviet regulatory body, as well as 26 reports of completed clinical trials. Manual content analysis was used for the interpretation of results.
This article presents an empirical case of a late Soviet clinical trial as a pragmatic alternative to the randomized controlled trial model. It demonstrates some key differences from the randomized controlled trial model. This article also highlights some of the discrepancies between the model that was officially prescribed by the Soviet authorities and the realities of experimental drug testing in the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In particular, it notes some elements of randomization, double-blinding, and the use of placebo that were present in Meldonium trials despite being formally denounced by Soviet bioethics.
The Soviet model for testing experimental drugs differed from the Western one substantially in a number of respects. This difference was not only proclaimed officially by the Soviet authorities, but was for the most part enforced in clinical trials in practice. At the same time, our research demonstrates that there were important differences between the official model and the clinical realities on the ground.

Screening for breast cancer and cervical cancer in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union is largely opportunistic, and countries in the region have among the highest cervical cancer incidence in the WHO European Region. We aimed to compare the stage-specific distributions and changes over time in breast cancer and cervical cancer incidence in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union.
We collected breast cancer and cervical cancer incidence data from official statistics from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan for the years 2008-17 by tumour, node, metastasis (TNM) stage, and by age where population-based cancer registry data were available. We used log-linear regression to quantify the changes over time in age-standardised rates.
During the period 2013-17, more than 50% of breast cancer cases across the analysed countries, and more than 75% of breast cancer cases in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, were registered at stages I-II. The proportion of stage I breast cancer cases was highest in the screening age group (50-69 years) compared with other ages in Moldova and the Russian registries, but was highest in those aged 15-49 years in Georgia and Ukraine. Breast cancer stage-specific incidence rates increased over time, most prominently for stage I cancers. For cervical cancer, the proportions of cancers diagnosed at a late stage (stages III and IV) were high, particularly in Moldova and Armenia (>50%). The proportion of stage I cervical cancer cases decreased with age in all countries, whereas the proportions of late stage cancers increased with age. Stage-specific incidence rates of cervical cancer generally increased over the period 2008-17.
Our results suggest modest progress in early detection of breast cancer in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union. The high proportions of early-stage disease in the absence of mammography screening (eg, in Belarus) provide a benchmark for what is achievable with rapid diagnosis. For cervical cancer, there is a need to tackle the high burden and unfavourable stage-specific changes over time in the region. A radical shift in national policies away from opportunistic screening toward organised, population-based, quality-assured human papillomavirus vaccination and screening programmes is urgently needed.
Union for International Cancer Control, WHO Regional Office for Europe, and Ministry of Health of Ukraine.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 1990s, people who inject drugs spiked in Eastern Europe. Facing local repression and an array of factors encouraging emigration, some users have migrated to France. This population now make up to a third of the patient list of some harm reduction services in Paris. This article aims to present original data on the sociodemographic profiles of these users, on their migration trajectory, their life conditions, and on the evolution of their drug use practices since arriving in Paris.
Data were collected as part of the ANRS-Coquelicot Survey, an HIV and HCV seroprevalence study among French-speaking people who use drugs. A sub-sample of Russian-speaking drug users who had relocated from Eastern Europe to live in Paris completed a quantitative questionnaire (N = 150) and a qualitative semi-structured interview (N = 20). The survey aimed to describe participants\' backgrounds, and a thematic analysis of interviews was conducted to explore participants\' migration histories, their life conditions in Paris, and their drug use practices before and after arriving in France.
This study highlights the great vulnerability of the participating population, often following a loss of social status after migrating to France. Another important finding is that participants had better access to harm reduction tools and reduced their risk of exposure to HIV and HCV infections linked to needle sharing. Although 60% said they had already shared a syringe in their lifetime (49.9% of them in their home country), the proportions shrank to 13.9% after they arrived in France and to 9.3% in the month before the study, a proportion that is lower than among French-speaking people who use drugs.
Our main findings on the profiles and behaviors of the study population lead us to make two recommendations: to offer stronger global care to these users in Paris and to reform drug policy in their home countries by integrating it into a public health approach.

Scarce qualitative literature has focused on understanding the perspective of parents of adolescents involved in crime, and no prior literature has examined how the status of being a parent of an adolescent who is involved in delinquency intersects with being an immigrant parent. The current phenomenological study examined, through the eyes of immigrant parents, how they comprehend their children\'s involvement in delinquent behavior. This study examined in-depth semistructured interviews conducted with fourteen immigrant parents (10 mothers and 4 fathers) from the former Soviet Union in Israel of children treated in rehabilitation facilities for delinquent youth. Data analysis revealed a gradual decline in children\'s behavior ascribed to the developmental stage of adolescence, the pressures of immigration, and cultural conflict. These three factors are interwoven together to create a fabric within which they see their children turning to crime. Parents\' gradual loss of control is balanced by attempts to idealize the parent-child relationship and to minimize the severity of the offenses committed. They describe various differing and even contradictory experiences of themselves as parents and their struggles to piece together incohesive, alternating experiences of themselves as parents. Despite the critical role they can play in their children\'s rehabilitation, as well as the distress that they themselves experience, parents of children involved in delinquent behavior have often been ignored in research. Acknowledging parents\' perspectives and experiences can allow development of appropriate therapeutic strategies to support them and maximize their abilities to support their children.
Existe escasa bibliografía cualitativa centrada en comprender la perspectiva de los padres de adolescentes implicados en la delincuencia, y no existe bibliografía anterior que haya analizado cómo la situación de ser padre de un adolescente que está implicado en la delincuencia se conjuga con ser padre inmigrante. El presente estudio fenomenológico analizó, desde la óptica de padres inmigrantes, cómo ellos entienden la participación de sus hijos en conductas delictivas. Para ello, analizó entrevistas semiestructuradas detalladas realizadas con catorce padres inmigrantes (10 madres y 4 padres) de la antigua Unión Soviética en Israel de niños tratados en centros de rehabilitación para jóvenes delincuentes. Los análisis de datos revelaron una reducción gradual de la conducta de los niños atribuida a la etapa del desarrollo de la adolescencia, las presiones de la inmigración y el conflicto cultural. Estos tres factores se entrelazan para crear un tejido dentro del cual ellos ven a sus hijos recurriendo a la delincuencia. La pérdida de control gradual de los padres está equilibrada por intentos de idealizar la relación entre padres e hijos y de disminuir la gravedad de los delitos cometidos. Ellos describen varias experiencias diversas e incluso contradictorias de sí mismos como padres y sus luchas para armar experiencias incoherentes y alternadas de sí mismos como padres. A pesar del papel fundamental que pueden desempeñar en la rehabilitación de sus hijos, así como del distrés que ellos mismos sufren, los padres de niños implicados en conductas delictivas han sido ignorados con frecuencia en las investigaciones. El reconocimiento de las experiencias y los puntos de vista de los padres puede permitir el desarrollo de estrategias terapéuticas adecuadas que los apoyen y maximizar sus habilidades para que ayuden a sus hijos.
很少有质性研究类的文献专注于理解涉足犯罪的青少年子女其父母方面的观点。以往的文献中也没有针对既作为参与犯罪的青少年其父母的这种身份，同时又作为移民，这两者之间有何交互关系。本论文是一项现象学研究，通过移民父母的视角，考察这些家长如何理解他们的孩子参与犯罪的行为。该研究调查了14名以色列父母（10位母亲和4名父亲），他们是来自前苏联的移民，其子女在专为青少年犯而设的康复设施中接受治疗。论文研究对象是家长们接受的深度的、半结构化访谈。数据分析显示，孩子行为逐渐趋向不良归因于青春期的发展阶段、移民的压力和文化冲突。家长在这三个因素交织在一起而创造出的一种结构中看到自己的孩子转向犯罪。父母逐渐失去对孩子的控制，试图通过将亲子关系改善到理想化并尽量减少罪行的严重程度来平衡。本研究描述了作为父母这个角色其自身的各种不同甚至矛盾的经历，以及他们身为父母努力地把不和谐，不稳定的情况理顺的经历。尽管家长们在孩子的康复中可以发挥关键性作用，以及他们也有自己所经受的痛苦，但这些参与犯罪行为的孩子的家长们常常不被关注。认识到孩子父母的视角和他们的体验可以有助于制定适当的治疗策略来支持他们，并最大限度地发挥他们支持子女的能力。.

Immigration studies can shed light on myopia development and reveal high-risk populations. To this end, we investigated the association among immigration, age at immigration, and myopia occurrence during adolescence.
Population-based, retrospective, cross-sectional study.
Six hundred seven thousand eight hundred sixty-two adolescents, Israeli born and immigrants, with origins in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Ethiopia, or Israel, assessed for medical fitness for mandatory military service at 17 years of age between 1993 and 2016.
Myopia and high myopia were defined based on right eye refractive data. Age at immigration was categorized into 0 to 5 years of age, 6 to 11 years of age, and 12 to 19 years of age. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were created. Myopia odds ratios (ORs) were calculated according to immigration status, with Israeli-born natives as controls. Next, myopia ORs were calculated according to age at immigration, with Israeli-born of same origin as controls.
Myopia prevalence and ORs.
Myopia was less prevalent among immigrants than Israeli-born controls. When stratified according to age at immigration, a decrease in myopia prevalence and ORs with increasing age at migration were observed, most prominent in immigrants arriving after 11 years of age, who also showed lower high-myopia ORs. The immigrants from the USSR and Ethiopia arriving after 11 years of age showed a myopia OR of 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-0.67; P < 10-205) and 0.52 (95% CI, 0.46-0.58; P < 10-27) compared with the Israeli-born controls. Notably, Ethiopians arriving earlier than 5 years of age showed a 2-fold higher myopia OR than those migrating after 11 years of age.
Immigrants arriving after 11 years of age showed markedly lower ORs for myopia and high myopia relative to Israeli-born controls or those arriving during early childhood, likely because of environmental and lifestyle changes. Differences between immigrants arriving up to 5 years of age and those arriving between 6 and 11 years of age were relatively smaller, suggesting exposures at elementary school age play a greater role in this population.

In Finland, limited information is available on neonatal disparities among women of migrant origin.
This study investigated differences in caesarean delivery and neonatal outcomes between women of migrant origin and Finnish women in Finland.
The study was based on nationwide data from the Medical Birth Register of Finland. Our study included information on the most recent singleton birth of women delivering between January 2004 and December 2014 (N = 382 233). Women were classified into nine regional categories based on their country of origin. Generalized linear models were used to describe associations between country of origin and pregnancy outcomes adjusted for maternal age, socio-economic status, pre-pregnancy body mass index, parity, marital status, smoking during pregnancy, and delivery year. Finnish women were the reference group.
Among the study population, almost 92% of women were of Finnish origin; the remaining 8% were of migrant origin. Among the migrant women, those of Russian/former USSR origin were the largest group (n = 11 994); the smallest group was women of Latin American/Caribbean origin (n = 739). Compared with Finnish women, women of sub-Saharan African, South Asian, and East Asian origin were at greater risk of emergency caesarean delivery, preterm birth, low birthweight, and lower five-minute Apgar scores for newborns. Latin American/Caribbean-origin women were at increased risk of both elective and emergency caesarean delivery and lower five-minute Apgar scores compared with Finnish women. Women of Russian/former USSR origin overall had a lower risk of caesarean delivery and poor neonatal outcomes compared with Finnish women.
We identified sub-Saharan African, South Asian, and East Asian women as higher-risk groups, and women from Russia/former USSR as a lower-risk group, for emergency caesarean delivery and poor neonatal outcome compared with Finnish women. More research is needed to identify the reasons for these differences by country of origin in Finland.