The medicine of the Soviet Union represented by Pavlov\'s advanced neurological theory played a major role in the medical system for the New China in the 1950s. In terms of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, it embodied in the \'scientific\' reconstruction of main and collateral channels and mechanism of acupuncture and moxibustion, reported on acupoint electric measurement and skin active point, and developed acupuncture theory with Integrated Medicine. In this sense, \'learning from the Soviet Union\', was one of the important factors for \'scientised acupuncture and moxibustion\', which influenced the constructing of contemporary acupuncture and moxibustion in China and drove the development of \'scientised acupuncture and moxibustion\'. In addition, inevitably, it led to some conflicts and contradictions between traditional medicine and modern sciences in the process of \'learning from the Soviet Union\'. This review of \'learning from the Soviet Union\', the analysis of its advantages and disadvantages, and synthesis of its experiences, will provide an historical reference to current development of traditional Chinese medicine.
新中国成立后，学界大力吸收以巴甫洛夫高级神经活动学说为代表的苏联医学，开展针灸科学化研究。具体体现在经络理论与针灸机制的“科学化”重构，开展穴位测电与皮肤活动点的实验研究，发明并广泛应用中西结合针灸疗法等方面。“学习苏联”构成了当时“针灸科学化”的重要一端，也对当代中国针灸学的形塑产生了显著影响，促使针灸科学化发展由外部驱动转变为自发主动；同时，在此过程中也不可避免地出现传统医学与现代科学间的摩擦与容适。梳理这段史实，分析得失利弊，总结经验教训，对当下中医药传承精华，守正创新提供历史借鉴。.

Through checking the archives from China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (CACMS), the event that the experts from the former Soviet Union visiting China and learning acupuncture-moxibustion in 1956 was sorted out. In 1956, under the framework of Sino-Sovien Agreement on Scientific and Technology Cooperation, 3 medical experts assigned by the former Soviet Union came to China for the investigation and study of acupuncture-moxibustion. Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, CACMS was in charge of this activity at that time. The Institute had developed a detailed plan, in which, the teaching schedule was designed on the base of New Acupuncture and Moxibustion written by ZHU Lian and ZHU Lian herself gave the lecture. After 3-month study, the experts had mastered the basic theory and clinical techniques of acupuncture-moxibustion and had launched the relevant clinical and scientific work of acupuncture-moxibustion successfully after returning to their country. This event opens up the foreign exchange of acupuncture-moxibustion in New China and provides the foundation for international training and higher education of acupuncture-moxibustion thereafter.
查阅中国中医科学院档案室档案，对1956年前苏联专家来华学习针灸这一重要事件进行梳理。1956年，在《中苏科学技术合作协定》的框架下，前苏联派出3名医学专家来华考察学习针灸，活动由中医研究院针灸研究所负责。针灸研究所制订了详细的计划，依据朱琏《新针灸学》，由朱琏作为主讲教师。专家们经过3个月的学习，掌握了基本的针灸理论与临床技能，回国后也成功开展了针灸的临床与科研工作。本次活动是新中国针灸对外交流的开端，也为此后的针灸国际教育与高等教育准备了条件。.

Following the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) in 1991, trans-border mobility increased within the former Soviet Union (FSU) countries. In addition, drug-trafficking and injection drug use began to rise, leading to the propagation and transmission of blood-borne infections within and across the FSU countries. To examine the transmission of blood-borne infections within this region, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationship of publically available sequences of two blood-borne viruses, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), from FSU countries.
We analysed 614 and 295 NS5B sequences from HCV genotypes 1b and 3a, respectively, from 9 FSU countries. From 13 FSU countries, we analysed 347 HIV gag and 1282 HIV env sequences. To examine transmission networks and the origins of infection, respectively, phylogenetic and Bayesian analyses were performed.
Our analysis shows intermixing of HCV and HIV sequences, suggesting transmission of these viruses both within and across FSU countries. We show involvement of three major populations in transmission: injection drug user, heterosexual, and trans-border migrants.
This study highlights the need to focus harm reduction efforts toward controlling transmission of blood-borne infections among the abovementioned high-risk populations in the FSU countries.

暂无摘要。

Zoonoses, such as plague, are primarily animal diseases that spill over into human populations. While the goal of eradicating such diseases is enticing, historical experience validates abandoning eradication in favor of ecologically based control strategies (which reduce morbidity and mortality to a locally accepted risk level). During the 20th century, one of the most extensive plague-eradication efforts in recorded history was undertaken to enable large-scale changes in land use in the former Soviet Union (including vast areas of central Asia). Despite expending tremendous resources in its attempt to eradicate plague, the Soviet antiplague response gradually abandoned the goal of eradication in favor of plague control linked with developing basic knowledge of plague ecology. Drawing from this experience, we combine new gray-literature sources, historical and recent research, and fieldwork to outline best practices for the control of spillover from zoonoses while minimally disrupting wildlife ecosystems, and we briefly compare the Soviet case with that of endemic plague in the western United States. We argue for the allocation of sufficient resources to maintain ongoing local surveillance, education, and targeted control measures; to incorporate novel technologies selectively; and to use ecological research to inform developing landscape-based models for transmission interruption. We conclude that living with emergent and reemergent zoonotic diseases-switching to control-opens wider possibilities for interrupting spillover while preserving natural ecosystems, encouraging adaptation to local conditions, and using technological tools judiciously and in a cost-effective way.

A brief history and new developments of acupuncture moxibustion in the former Soviet Union is provided in this paper, as well as in Russia. Science of acupuncture-moxibustion was introduced into Russia after the 10th Century. After the foundation of People\'s Republic of China, acupuncture-moxibustion therapy has drawn widespread attention in the former Soviet Union and Russia since the 1950s. Notably, acupuncture moxibustion therapy was legalized and popularized in mid 1950s in the Soviet Union, which was gradually accepted as a part of the country\'s medical system. In the latest 20 years, Federal health departments have paid attention to acupuncture-moxibustion therapy and issued laws and regulations on acupuncture reflexotherapy. The number of books and journals about acupuncture-moxibustion has been increasing; clinical application of acupuncture-moxibustion has been spreading and is welcomed by people. Academic exchanges between China and Russia are more frequent, which promoted the development of science of acupuncture-moxibustion in Russia.

暂无摘要。

暂无摘要。