The Internet is considered to be an effective source of health information and consultation for immigrants. Nutritional interventions for immigrants have become increasingly common over the past few decades. However, each population of immigrants has specific needs. Understanding the factors influencing the success of nutrition programs among immigrants requires an examination of their attitudes and perceptions, as well as their cultural values.
The purpose of this study was to examine perceptions of the Internet as a tool for long-term and \"real-time\" professional, psychological, and nutritional treatment for immigrants from the former Soviet Union who immigrated to Israel (IIFSU) from 1990 to 2012.
A sample of nutrition forum users (n=18) was interviewed and comments of 80 users were analyzed qualitatively in accordance with the grounded theory principles.
The results show that IIFSU perceive the Internet as a platform for long-term and \"real-time\" dietary treatment and not just as an informative tool. IIFSU report benefits of online psychological support with professional dietary treatment. They attribute importance to cultural customization, which helps reduce barriers to intervention.
In light of the results, when formulating nutritional programs, it is essential to have a specific understanding of immigrants\' cultural characteristics and their patterns of Internet use concerning dietary care.

BACKGROUND: Studying second-generation immigrants can help in identifying genetic or environmental risk factors for childhood autism. Most previous studies have focused on maternal region of birth and showed inconsistent results. No previous study has been conducted in Finland.
METHODS: The study was a nested case-control study based on a national birth cohort. Children born in 1987-2005 and diagnosed with childhood autism by the year 2007 were identified from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register. Controls were selected from the Finnish Medical Birth Register. Information on maternal and paternal country of birth and mother tongue was collected from the Finnish Central Population Register. There were 1132 cases and 4515 matched controls. The statistical test used was conditional logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS: Compared with children with two Finnish parents, the risk of childhood autism was increased for those whose parents are both immigrants (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-2.7) and for those with only an immigrant mother (aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.7), but not for those with only an immigrant father. The risk was increased for those with a mother born in the former Soviet Union or Yugoslavia and for those with a mother or a father born in Asia. Specific parental countries of birth associated with an increased risk were the former Soviet Union, the former Yugoslavia and Vietnam.
CONCLUSIONS: In Finland, children who are born to immigrant mothers with or without an immigrant partner, have an increased risk of childhood autism. The risk varies with immigrant parents\' region of birth. The findings may help in identifying possible risk factors, which can be examined in future studies.

Unlike all other autocracies, authoritarian regimes are, as the ultimate form of authoritarianism, a distinct phenomenon of the modern era. Caused by the crisis of liberal democracy and industrial capitalism of the early twentieth century, and led by radical populist political movements/parties and their leaders, they established themselves as the regimes which marked one of the greatest degrees of unfreedom. The article analyzes the specific sociostructural, sociocultural and sociopsychological aspects of the formation of totalitarian regimes (particularly communism), as well as their political system, ideological foundations and modus operandi. In doing so, it particularly emphasizes the dissolution of civil society and its substitution by a political society as a key structural determinant, authoritarianism and fear as a sociopsychological basis, and repression as the functional basis of operation for totalitarian regimes. In that context, it analyzes the political, anthropological and visual aspects of the symbols of totalitarian regimes, their archetypal (mythological, religious, ethnic, cultural, historical) meaning, and explains their function (political, anthropological, sociocultural, and sociopsychological) in the development and preservation of totalitarian regimes. Using the example of the hammer and sickle, a typical symbol of communism, it shows a substantial and communicational (particularly visual) dimension of symbol, by breakdown by the elements of semiotics (signum, designatum, interpretant) and its sub-disciplines (semantics, pragmatics, sintactics). On this basis, it tries to show the decisive power of political symbols over the political perceptions and political behavior of individuals and entire social groups, i.e. their manipulative power by meanings assigned to them by totalitarian authorities and forms of their communication, with the goal of preserving the totalitarian regime.

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Recent discovery of the Large-billed Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus orinus) in museums and in the wild significantly expanded our knowledge of its morphological traits and genetic variability, and revealed new data on geographical distribution of the breeding grounds, migration routes and wintering locations of this species. It is now certain that A. orinus is breeding in Central Asia; however, the precise area of distribution remains unclear. The difficulty in the further study of this species lies in the small number of known specimens, with only 13 currently available in museums, and in the relative uncertainty of the breeding area and habitat of this species. Following morphological and genetic analyses from Svensson, et al, we describe 14 new A. orinus specimens from collections of Zoological Museums of the former USSR from the territory of Central Asian states. All of these specimens were erroneously labeled as Blyth\'s Reed Warbler (A. dumetorum), which is thought to be a breeding species in these areas. The 14 new A. orinus specimens were collected during breeding season while most of the 85 A. dumetorum specimens from the same area were collected during the migration period. Our data indicate that the Central Asian territory previously attributed as breeding grounds of A. dumetorum is likely to constitute the breeding territory of A. orinus. This rare case of a re-description of the breeding territory of a lost species emphasizes the importance of maintenance of museum collections around the world. If the present data on the breeding grounds of A. orinus are confirmed with field observations and collections, the literature on the biology of A. dumetorum from the southern part of its range may have to be reconsidered.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. The complexity of the disease gained it the moniker \"the great imitator\"; it was William Osler who said, \"He who knows syphilis, knows medicine.\" In 1866, Patrick Watson of Edinburgh, Scotland, reported a case of a 36-year-old man in whom syphilis destroyed the larynx.(1) The diagnosis was made postmortem. It was once believed that this was the first reported total laryngectomy, but the credit should actually be given to Christian Albert Theodor Billroth who performed this surgery on a patient with laryngeal carcinoma in 1873.

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Between the death of Vygotsky in 1934 and the discovery of Vygotsky\'s work in the West in 1962, Vygotskian psychology was developed through research done by the first generation of Vygotsky\'s students and their followers, primarily associated with the Kharkov School. Surprisingly, these studies carried out in the 1930s, of great importance for the development of virtually all subsequent Vygotskian psychology, still remain largely unknown; this represents a significant gap in understanding the history of Vygotskian psychology as an empirical study of consciousness. This paper provides a systematic overview of the research agenda of the Kharkov group between 1931 and 1941 and provides new insights into the early development of Vygotskian psychology.

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BACKGROUND: The annual hepatitis C virus (HCV) seropositivity prevalence among blood donors (BDs) in Israel is 0.1 percent. Although only 10 percent of the BD population are immigrants from the former Soviet Union (FSUIs), they represent 80 percent of the HCV-seropositive cases. This study aimed to identify HCV risk factors among Native Israeli (NI) and FSUI BDs, to determine if specific interventions are needed.
METHODS: Two case-control studies were designed, interviewing 178 HCV-positive cases (128 FSUIs, 50 NIs) and 256 HCV-negative controls (128 FSUIs, 128 NIs). All participants were volunteer BDs of Magen David Adom (MDA) Blood Services.
RESULTS: A total of 434 BDs of 985 mailed letters consented to be interviewed (44% response rate), without differences in compliance between the study populations. In both, intravenous drug use (IVDU) was the strongest HCV seropositivity-associated risk factor. After IVDU adjustment, important risk factors were age, blood transfusion before 1990, first-time donation, and not practicing teeth cleaning. Close contact with people at risk for HCV (odds ratio [OR], 7.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9-27.8) and surgery (OR, 7.3; 95% CI, 1.6-34.4) were strong risk factors among NIs, whereas gum surgery (OR, 7.6; 95% CI, 1.1-52.3), hospitalization without surgery (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1-6.5), and therapy in injection form (OR, 4.9; 95% CI, 2.4-10.2) were merely found among FSUIs, probably resulting from inadequate aseptic conditions. The ORs for age, gum surgery, contact index, and first blood donation differed significantly between the two populations.
CONCLUSIONS: Although the strength of risk factors for HCV differs between Israeli and immigrant BDs, most factors studied did not differ between the groups. Therefore, changes in screening of all BDs are considered.