Lactobacilli fermentation possesses special nutritional and health values to food, especially in improving diseases related to the gut microbiota such as osteoporosis risk. Previous research indicates that lactobacilli-fermented foods have the potential to enhance the bone mineral density (BMD), as suggested by some clinical studies. Nonetheless, there is currently a lack of comprehensive summaries of the effects and potential mechanisms of lactobacilli-fermented foods on BMD. This review summarizes findings from preclinical and clinical studies, revealing that lactobacilli possess the potential to mitigate age-related and secondary factor-induced bone loss. Furthermore, these findings imply that lactobacilli are likely mediated through the modulation of bone remodeling via gut inflammation-related pathways. Additionally, lactobacilli fermentation may augment calcium accessibility through directly promoting calcium absorption or modifying food constituents. Considering the escalating global health challenge of bone-related issues among the elderly population, this review may offer a valuable reference for the development of food strategies aimed at preventing osteoporosis.

Mushrooms have garnered significant attention for their nutritional composition and potential health benefits, including antioxidant, antihypertensive, and cholesterol-lowering properties. This review explores the nutritional composition of edible mushrooms, including their high protein content, essential amino acids, low fat, cholesterol levels, and bioactive compounds with medicinal value. Moreover, the study analyzes the microbiology of mushroom fermentation, focusing on the diverse microbial ecosystem involved in the transformation of raw mushrooms and the preservation methods employed to extend their shelf life. Special emphasis is placed on lactic acid fermentation as a cost-effective and efficient preservation technique. It involves controlling the growth of lactic acid bacteria to enhance the microbial stability and nutritional quality of mushrooms. Furthermore, the bioactivities of fermented mushrooms are elucidated, which are antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-glycemic, immune modulatory, and other biological activities. The mechanisms underlying these bioactivities are explored, emphasizing the role of fermented mushrooms in suppressing free radicals, enhancing antioxidant defenses, and modulating immune responses. Overall, this review provides comprehensive insights into the nutritional composition, microbiology, bioactivities, and underlying mechanisms of fermented mushrooms, highlighting their potential as functional foods with significant health-promoting properties.

Nowadays, the food industry is facing challenges due to the simultaneous rise in global warming, population, and food consumption. As the integration of synthetic biology and food science, novel synthetic foods have obtained high attention to address these issues. However, these novel foods may cause potential risks related to human health. Four types of novel synthetic foods, including plant-based foods, cultured meat, fermented foods, and microalgae-based foods, were reviewed in the study. The original food sources, consumer acceptance, advantages and disadvantages of these foods were discussed. Furthermore, potential risk factors, such as nutritional, biological, and chemical risk factors, associated with these foods were described and analyzed. Additionally, the current detection methods (e.g., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, biosensors, chromatography, polymerase chain reaction, isothermal amplification, and microfluidic technology) and processing technologies (e.g., microwave treatment, ohmic heating, steam explosion, high hydrostatic pressure, ultrasound, cold plasma, and supercritical carbon dioxide) were reviewed and discussed critically. Nonetheless, it is crucial to continue innovating and developing new detection and processing technologies to effectively evaluate these novel synthetic foods and ensure their safety. Finally, approaches to enhance the quality of these foods were briefly presented. It will provide insights into the development and management of novel synthetic foods for food industry.

The spontaneous Baijiu fermentation system harbors a complex microbiome that is highly dynamic in time and space and varies depending on the Jiuqu starters and environmental factors. The intricate microbiota presents in the fermentation environment is responsible for carrying out various reactions. These reactions necessitate the interaction among the core microbes to influence the community function, ultimately shaping the distinct Baijiu styles through the process of spontaneous fermentation. Numerous studies have been conducted to enhance our understanding of the diversity, succession, and function of microbial communities with the aim of improving fermentation manipulation. However, a comprehensive and critical assessment of the core microbes and their interaction remains one of the significant challenges in the Baijiu fermentation industry. This paper focuses on the fermentation properties of core microbes. We discuss the state of the art of microbial traceability, highlighting the crucial role of environmental and starter microbiota in the Baijiu brewing microbiome. Also, we discuss the various interactions between microbes in the Baijiu production system and propose a potential conceptual framework that involves constructing predictive network models to simplify and quantify microbial interactions using co-culture models. This approach offers effective strategies for understanding the core microbes and their interactions, thus beneficial for the management of microbiota and the regulation of interactions in Baijiu fermentation processes.

Fermentation is a traditional method utilized for vegetable preservation, with microorganisms playing a crucial role in the process. Nowadays, traditional spontaneous fermentation methods are widely employed, which excessively depend on the microorganisms attached to the surface of raw materials, resulting in great difficulties in ideal control over the fermentation process. To achieve standardized production and improve product quality, it is essential to promote inoculated fermentation. In this way, starter cultures can dominate the fermentation processes successfully. Unfortunately, inoculated fermentation has not been thoroughly studied and applied. Therefore, this paper provides a systematic review of the potential upgrading strategy of vegetable fermentation technology. First, we disclose the microbial community structures and succession rules in some typical spontaneously fermented vegetables to comprehend the microbial fermentation processes well. Then, internal and external factors affecting microorganisms are explored to provide references for the selection of fermented materials and conditions. Besides, we widely summarize the potential starter candidates with various characteristics isolated from spontaneously fermented products. Subsequently, we exhibited the inoculated fermentation strategies with those isolations. To optimize the product quality, not only lactic acid bacteria that lead the fermentation, but also yeasts that contribute to aroma formation should be combined for inoculation. The inoculation order of the starter cultures also affects the microbial fermentation. It is equally important to choose a proper processing method to guarantee the activity and convenience of starter cultures. Only in this way can we achieve the transition from traditional spontaneous fermentation to modern inoculated fermentation.

Fibrinolytic enzymes cleave fibrin which plays a crucial role in thrombus formation which otherwise leads to cardiovascular diseases. While different fibrinolytic enzymes have been purified, only a few have been utilized as clinical and therapeutic agents; hence, the search continues for a fibrinolytic enzyme with high specificity, fewer side effects, and one that can be mass-produced at a lower cost with a higher yield. In this context, this review discusses the physiological mechanism of thrombus formation and fibrinolysis, and current thrombolytic drugs in use. Additionally, an overview of the optimization, production, and purification of fibrinolytic enzymes and the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in optimization and the patents granted is provided. This review classifies microbial as well as non-microbial fibrinolytic enzymes isolated from food sources, including fermented foods and non-food sources, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Despite holding immense potential for the discovery of novel fibrinolytic enzymes, only a few fermented food sources limited to Asian countries have been studied, necessitating the research on fibrinolytic enzymes from fermented foods of other regions. This review will aid researchers in selecting optimal sources for screening fibrinolytic enzymes and is the first one to provide insights and draw a link between the implication of source selection and in vivo application.

Vinegar and related bioproducts containing acetic acid as the main component are among the most appreciated fermented foodstuffs in numerous European and Asian countries because of their exceptional organoleptic and bio-healthy properties. Regarding the acetification process and obtaining of final products, there is still a lack of knowledge on fundamental aspects, especially those related to the study of biodiversity and metabolism of the present microbiota. In this context, omic technologies currently allow for the massive analysis of macromolecules and metabolites for the identification and characterization of these microorganisms working in their natural media without the need for isolation. This review approaches comprehensive research on the application of omic tools for the identification of vinegar microbiota, mainly acetic acid bacteria, with subsequent emphasis on the study of the microbial diversity, behavior, and key molecular strategies used by the predominant groups throughout acetification. The current omics tools are enabling both the finding of new vinegar microbiota members and exploring underlying strategies during the elaboration process. The species Komagataeibacter europaeus may be a model organism for present and future research in this industry; moreover, the development of integrated meta-omic analysis may facilitate the achievement of numerous of the proposed milestones. This work might provide useful guidance for the vinegar industry establishing the first steps towards the improvement of the acetification conditions and the development of new products with sensory and bio-healthy profiles adapted to the agri-food market.

Recently, consumers have become increasingly interested in natural, health-promoting, and chronic disease-preventing medicine and food homology (MFH). There has been accumulating evidence that many herbal medicines, including MFH, are biologically active due to their biotransformation through the intestinal microbiota. The emphasis of scientific investigation has moved from the functionally active role of MFH to the more subtle role of biotransformation of the active ingredients in probiotic-fermented MFH and their health benefits. This review provides an overview of the current status of research on probiotic-fermented MFH. Probiotics degrade toxins and anti-nutritional factors in MFH, improve the flavor of MFH, and increase its bioactive components through their transformative effects. Moreover, MFH can provide a material base for the growth of probiotics and promote the production of their metabolites. In addition, the health benefits of probiotic-fermented MFH in recent years, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-neurodegenerative, skin-protective, and gut microbiome-modulating effects, are summarized, and the health risks associated with them are also described. Finally, the future development of probiotic-fermented MFH is prospected in combination with modern development technologies, such as high-throughput screening technology, synthetic biology technology, and database construction technology. Overall, probiotic-fermented MFH has the potential to be used in functional food for preventing and improving people\'s health. In the future, personalized functional foods can be expected based on synthetic biology technology and a database on the functional role of probiotic-fermented MFH.

Biogenic amines (BAs) are low-molecular decarboxylation products of amino acids formed during microbial fermentation. Several fermented foods may contain BAs such as histamine, tyramine, and/or phenylethylamine, at levels above documented toxic doses. Dietary exposure to foods containing high levels of BAs is associated with many adverse health effects, such as migraines, elevated blood pressure, and tachycardia. BA-mediated toxicity may occur at levels a hundred times below regulatory and suggested toxic doses, depending on an individual\'s sensitivity and factors such as alcohol consumption and certain medications. Although BAs occur in a wide variety of fermented foods, food safety and public health professionals are not well informed about the potential health risks and control strategies in these foods. In this review, we highlight the health risks and symptoms linked to BA exposures, the BA levels found in different fermented foods, regulatory and suggested toxic doses, and risk mitigation strategies to inform food industry and public health professionals\' practice.

A systematic approach to collect, peruse, and summarize the available information relating to the potential benefits of consuming dietary microbes was pursued in this scoping review. This review focused on the research endpoints, experimental designs, and microbial exposure in experimental as well as observational research work. Using a structured- set of keywords, scientific databases were systematically searched to retrieve publications reporting outcomes pertaining to the use of dietary microbes in healthy, nonpatient populations. Searches were further tailored to focus on eight different health categories, namely, \"antibiotic associated diarrhoea\" (AAD), \"gastrointestinal health\" (GIH), \"immunological health\" (ImH), \"cardiovascular health and metabolic syndrome\" (CvHMS), \"cancer prevention\" (CanPr), \"respiratory health\" (ReH), \"weight management\" (WtMgt), and \"urogenital health\" (UrGH). Quality of evidence available in each publication was assessed using the Jadad scoring system. The search yielded 228 relevant publications describing 282 experimental cases comprising 62 research endpoints overall. A microbial dose of ≥ 2 × 10 9 $\\ge 2\\times 10^9$ CFU.day-1 was associated with non-negative reported outcomes. Older population groups with a median age of 39 years were associated with positive outcomes. More high-quality research is required investigating the role of dietary microbes in maintaining general health, particularly in the health categories of UrGH, WtMgt, and CanPr.