Missed opportunities: The new ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines for reading, spelling and calculation disorders Abstract. Abstract. The introduction of the ICD-11 caused changes to the concept of the disorder and in the diagnostic criteria of reading, spelling, and arithmetic disorders. ICD-10 had classified these disorders as specific development disorders of scholastic skills, whereas ICD-11 summarizes these disorders as developmental learning disorders in the groups of \"neurodevelopmental disorders,\" together with ADHD, depression, autism, Tourette\'s syndrome, and schizophrenia. A major change is the classification of an isolated reading disorder and the expansion of the spelling disorder as a learning disorder with impairment in written expression. The diagnostic criteria still focus on the IQ discrepancy criterion, which is no longer supported in practice or by the research results.
Zusammenfassung. Die ICD-11 bedeutet für die Diagnostik und Klassifikation der Lese-, Rechtschreib- und der Rechenstörung sowohl Veränderung in dem Störungsbegriff als auch in den diagnostischen Kriterien. Die ICD-10 hat diese Störungen als schulische Entwicklungsstörungen klassifiziert, in der ICD-11 werden diese Störungen als Lernstörungen in der Gruppe der „neurodevelopmental disorders“ zusammen mit der ADHS, Depression, Autismus, Tourette-Syndrom und Schizophrenie zusammengefasst. Eine wesentliche Veränderung ist die Klassifikation einer isolierten Lesestörung und die Erweiterung der Rechtschreibstörung als Störung des schriftsprachlichen Ausdrucks. Die diagnostischen Kriterien erhalten nach wie vor das IQ-Diskrepanzkriterium, das sowohl in der Praxis als auch durch die Forschungsergebnisse nicht mehr unterstützt wird.

Despite normal hearing thresholds in pure-tone audiometry, 0.5-1% of children have difficulty understanding what they hear. An auditory processing disorder (APD) can be assumed, which should be clarified and treated. In patients with hearing loss, this must first be compensated or resolved. Only hereafter can a suspected APD be confirmed or excluded. Diagnosis of APD requires that a clear discrepancy between the child\'s performance in individual auditory functions and other cognitive abilities be demonstrated. Combination of therapeutical modalities is considered particularly more beneficial in APD patients than a single modality. Treatment modalities should consider linguistic and cognitive processes (top-down), e.g., metacognitive knowledge of learning strategies or vocabulary expansion, but also address underlying auditory deficits (bottom-up). Almost 50% of children with APD also have a language development disorder requiring treatment and/or dyslexia. Therefore, each therapeutic intervention for a child with APD must be individually adapted according to the diagnosed impairments. Musical training can improve phonologic and reading abilities. Changes and adaptations in the classroom are helpful to support the weak auditory system of children with APD. Architectural planning of classrooms can be a means of ensuring that direct sound is masked by as little diffuse sound as possible. For example, acoustic ceiling tiles are suitable for reducing reverberant and diffuse sound.
UNASSIGNED: Bei 0,5–1 % aller Kinder bestehen Schwierigkeiten mit dem Verstehen von Gehörtem, obwohl ein regelrechtes Tonschwellenaudiogramm vorliegt. Hier kann eine auditive Verarbeitungs- und Wahrnehmungsstörung (AVWS) vermutet werden, die abgeklärt und therapiert werden sollte. Sollte eine Schwerhörigkeit vorliegen, muss diese zunächst ausgeglichen oder beseitigt werden. Erst danach kann untersucht werden, ob eine AVWS vorliegt oder nicht. Für die Diagnose einer AVWS muss eine deutliche Diskrepanz zwischen den Leistungen des Kindes in einzelnen auditiven Funktionen und anderen kognitiven Fähigkeiten nachgewiesen werden. Eine Kombination von Behandlungsmaßnahmen gilt beim AVWS gegenüber einer einzelnen Maßnahme als besonders vorteilhaft. Hierbei sollten sowohl linguistische und kognitive Prozesse (Top-down) berücksichtigt werden, z. B. metakognitives Wissen über Lernstrategien oder Wortschatzerweiterung, als auch zugrunde liegende auditive Defizite (Bottom-up). Fast 50 % der Kinder mit AVWS weisen zusätzlich eine behandlungsbedürftige Sprachentwicklungsstörung und/oder Lese-Rechtschreib-Störung auf. Daher muss jede therapeutische Intervention bei einem Kind mit AVWS gemäß den festgestellten Einschränkungen individuell angepasst werden. Mit musikalischem Training können phonologische und Lesefertigkeiten verbessert werden. Veränderungen und Anpassungen im Klassenraum sind für Kinder mit AVWS hilfreich, um ihr schwaches auditives System zu unterstützen. Durch bauakustische Planung von Klassenräumen kann bewirkt werden, dass der Direktschall durch möglichst wenig Diffusschall verdeckt wird. So sind z. B. akustische Deckenverkleidungen geeignet, um Nachhall und Diffusschall zu reduzieren.

As a prerequisite for diagnosing auditory processing disorders (APD), differential diagnostic considerations are essential, especially with regard to language comprehension disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, specific cognitive impairments (e. g., in memory or multi-modal perception performance), specific learning disorders affecting reading and/or spelling, and autistic-type diseases. The current clinical management is presented in detail in the updated APD guidelines, as are the resulting conclusions for the interpretation of individual test results.

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of recent dyslexia legislation and guidelines pertaining to services for students with dyslexia in public school settings and to describe possible implications for speech-language pathologists (SLPs).
In recent years, there has been increased attention focused on effectively meeting the needs of students with dyslexia nationwide. The Decoding Dyslexia organization has chapters in all 50 states in the nation, and they have been instrumental in promoting public awareness of the importance of improving services for students with dyslexia. As a result, new legislation, policies and guidelines have been introduced and developed in many states. California is an example of 1 state that has recently passed legislation in this area and released guidelines that serve as recommendations related to this law. This article provides a broad overview of recent dyslexia legislation, with more specific information pertaining to recent legislation and guidelines in the state of California. Clinical implications for SLPs who serve this population in school settings are also discussed.
The information discussed in this article may serve as a useful model for states that are in the process of developing or revising their own policies or guidelines for meeting the needs of students with dyslexia.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) records weak magnetic fields outside the human head and thereby provides millisecond-accurate information about neuronal currents supporting human brain function. MEG and electroencephalography (EEG) are closely related complementary methods and should be interpreted together whenever possible. This manuscript covers the basic physical and physiological principles of MEG and discusses the main aspects of state-of-the-art MEG data analysis. We provide guidelines for best practices of patient preparation, stimulus presentation, MEG data collection and analysis, as well as for MEG interpretation in routine clinical examinations. In 2017, about 200 whole-scalp MEG devices were in operation worldwide, many of them located in clinical environments. Yet, the established clinical indications for MEG examinations remain few, mainly restricted to the diagnostics of epilepsy and to preoperative functional evaluation of neurosurgical patients. We are confident that the extensive ongoing basic MEG research indicates potential for the evaluation of neurological and psychiatric syndromes, developmental disorders, and the integrity of cortical brain networks after stroke. Basic and clinical research is, thus, paving way for new clinical applications to be identified by an increasing number of practitioners of MEG.

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This paper concerns the impact of disability legislation on nurse education, nurse educators and student nurses, in relation to academic work and clinical placement, with regard to dyslexia. The two United Kingdom acts considered are the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA), 1995 and the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act (SENDA), 2001, which is an amendment to the DDA. The paper examines and defines the main points of the acts, such as discrimination; less favourable treatment and its justification; reasonable adjustments; making adjustments in advance; disclosure and confidentiality requests; substantial disadvantage; current systems and regulations and concludes by raising issues which require clarification.

Reading problems are a frequent source of complaint in ophthalmological practice. In many cases suitable optical correction is all that is needed. However, difficulties may remain despite adequate optical correction. This paper describes visual reading processes with the aim of making such difficulties understood and, if possible, providing remedies. Four different types of visual reading processes are distinguished: (a) optical imaging, (b)eye movement control, (c) visual word recognition and (d) integration of information across eye fixations. Next the attempt is made to use our insight to obtain a better understanding of actual reading problems, such as those of elderly readers, low-vision patients, and dyslexics as well as those of the blind. Therapeutic options, including visual aids are given due attention.