背景:热适应制度用于为运动员在炎热条件下进行锻炼做准备,以限制运动表现的下降。然而,热适应文献主要关注男性,因此,当考虑到两性之间的生物学和表型差异时,当前的热适应指南可能不是女性的最佳选择。
目的:我们旨在研究:(1)热适应对女性生理适应的影响;(2)热适应对高温性能测试结果的影响;(3)各种调节剂的影响,包括持续时间(分钟和/或天数),总热剂量(℃。min),运动强度(千卡。min-1),消耗的总能量(大卡),热暴露的频率和训练状态对热中生理适应的影响。
方法:SPORTDiscus,搜索MEDLINEComplete和Embase数据库至2022年12月。静息和运动核心温度的随机效应荟萃分析,皮肤温度,心率,出汗率,使用Stata统计软件:版本17完成加热中的等离子体体积和性能测试。进行亚组荟萃分析,以探讨持续时间的影响,总热剂量,运动强度,消耗的总能量,热暴露频率和休息和运动核心温度的训练状态,皮肤温度,心率和出汗率。进行了探索性元回归,以确定生理适应对热适应后热性能测试结果的影响。
结果:30项研究纳入系统评价;22项研究进行荟萃分析。热适应后,静息核心温度降低(效应大小[ES]=-0.45;95%置信区间[CI]-0.69,-0.22;p<0.001),运动核心温度(ES=-0.81;95%CI-1.01,-0.60;p<0.001),皮肤温度(ES=-0.64;95%CI-0.79,-0.48;p<0.001),在女性中发现心率(ES=-0.60;95%CI-0.74,-0.45;p<0.001)和出汗率增加(ES=0.53;95%CI0.21,0.85;p=0.001).血浆体积没有变化(ES=-0.03;95%CI-0.31,0.25;p=0.835),而热适应后性能测试结果有所改善(ES=1.00;95%CI0.56,1.45;p<0.001)。在所有主持人中,在451-900分钟和/或8-14天的持续时间后,更一致地观察到生理适应,运动强度≥3.5千卡。min-1,消耗的总能量≥3038千卡,连续(每日)频率和总热剂量≥23,000°C。min.热量表现测试结果的变化幅度与热量适应后心率降低有关(标准化平均差=-10次心跳。min-1;95%CI-19,-1;p=0.031)。
结论:热适应机制诱导生理适应,有利于女性热量调节和性能测试结果。体育教练和应用体育从业者可以利用这篇评论中开发的框架来设计和实施女性的热适应策略。
Heat adaptation regimes are used to prepare athletes for exercise in hot conditions to limit a decrement in exercise performance. However, the heat adaptation literature mostly focuses on males, and consequently, current heat adaptation guidelines may not be optimal for females when accounting for the biological and phenotypical differences between sexes.
We aimed to examine: (1) the effects of heat adaptation on physiological adaptations in females; (2) the impact of heat adaptation on performance test outcomes in the heat; and (3) the impact of various moderators, including duration (minutes and/or days), total heat dose (°C.min), exercise intensity (kcal.min-1), total energy expended (kcal), frequency of heat exposures and training status on the physiological adaptations in the heat.
SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE Complete and Embase databases were searched to December 2022. Random-effects meta-analyses for resting and exercise core temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, sweat rate, plasma volume and performance tests in the heat were completed using Stata Statistical Software: Release 17. Sub-group meta-analyses were performed to explore the effect of duration, total heat dose, exercise intensity, total energy expended, frequency of heat exposure and training status on resting and exercise core temperature, skin temperature, heart rate and sweat rate. An explorative meta-regression was conducted to determine the effects of physiological adaptations on performance test outcomes in the heat following heat adaptation.
Thirty studies were included in the systematic
review; 22 studies were meta-analysed. After heat adaptation, a reduction in resting core temperature (effect size [ES] = - 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.69, - 0.22; p < 0.001), exercise core temperature (ES = - 0.81; 95% CI - 1.01, - 0.60; p < 0.001), skin temperature (ES = - 0.64; 95% CI - 0.79, - 0.48; p < 0.001), heart rate (ES = - 0.60; 95% CI - 0.74, - 0.45; p < 0.001) and an increase in sweat rate (ES = 0.53; 95% CI 0.21, 0.85; p = 0.001) were identified in females. There was no change in plasma volume (ES = - 0.03; 95% CI - 0.31, 0.25; p = 0.835), whilst performance test outcomes were improved following heat adaptation (ES = 1.00; 95% CI 0.56, 1.45; p < 0.001). Across all moderators, physiological adaptations were more consistently observed following durations of 451-900 min and/or 8-14 days, exercise intensity ≥ 3.5 kcal.min-1, total energy expended ≥ 3038 kcal, consecutive (daily) frequency and total heat dose ≥ 23,000 °C.min. The magnitude of change in performance test outcomes in the heat was associated with a reduction in heart rate following heat adaptation (standardised mean difference = - 10 beats.min-1; 95% CI - 19, - 1; p = 0.031).
Heat adaptation regimes induce physiological adaptations beneficial to thermoregulation and performance test outcomes in the heat in females. Sport coaches and applied sport practitioners can utilise the framework developed in this
review to design and implement heat adaptation strategies for females.