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Abstract：
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a devastating viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The incidence and mortality of COVID-19 patients have been increasing at an alarming rate. The mortality is much higher in older individuals, especially the ones suffering from respiratory distress, cardiac abnormalities, renal diseases, diabetes, and hypertension. Existing evidence demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 makes its entry into human cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) followed by the uptake of virions through cathepsin L or transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). SARS-CoV-2-mediated abnormalities in particular cardiovascular and neurological ones and the damaged coagulation systems require extensive research to develop better therapeutic modalities. As SARS-CoV-2 uses its S-protein to enter into the host cells of several organs, the S-protein of the virus is considered as the ideal target to develop a potential vaccine. In this review, we have attempted to highlight the landmark discoveries that lead to the development of various vaccines that are currently under different stages of clinical progression. Besides, a brief account of various drug candidates that are being tested to mitigate the burden of COVID-19 was also covered. Further, in a dedicated section, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on neuronal inflammation and neuronal disorders was discussed. In summary, it is expected that the content covered in this article help to understand the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and the impact on neuronal complications induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection while providing an update on the vaccine development.
摘要：
2019年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）是由严重急性呼吸道综合症冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）引起的破坏性病毒感染。COVID-19患者的发病率和死亡率一直在以惊人的速度增长。老年人的死亡率要高得多，尤其是那些患有呼吸窘迫的人，心脏异常,肾脏疾病,糖尿病,和高血压。现有证据表明，SARS-CoV-2通过血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE-2）进入人细胞，然后通过组织蛋白酶L或跨膜蛋白酶丝氨酸2（TMPRSS2）吸收病毒体。SARS-CoV-2介导的异常，特别是心血管和神经系统的异常以及受损的凝血系统，需要进行广泛的研究以开发更好的治疗方式。由于SARS-CoV-2利用其S蛋白进入多个器官的宿主细胞，该病毒的S蛋白被认为是开发潜在疫苗的理想靶标。在这次审查中,我们试图强调具有里程碑意义的发现，这些发现导致了目前处于不同临床进展阶段的各种疫苗的开发。此外,还涵盖了正在测试以减轻COVID-19负担的各种候选药物的简要说明。Further,在一个专门的部分，讨论了SARS-CoV-2感染对神经元炎症和神经元疾病的影响。总之,预计本文涵盖的内容有助于了解COVID-19的病理生理学以及对SARS-CoV-2感染引起的神经元并发症的影响，同时提供疫苗开发的最新信息。
