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Abstract：
Warfare is assumed to be one of the defining cultural characteristics of steppe nomads in Eastern Eurasia. For the first-centuries CE, a period of political turmoil in Northern China and Southern Siberia, relatively few data are, however, available about the degree and variability of violence in these communities. Here, we provide new data on violence among steppe nomads during the first-centuries CE by analyzing the type, anatomical distribution, and demographic distribution of perimortem trauma at Tunnug1 (Tuva, Southern Siberia-second to fourth c. CE).
Perimortem traumas were assessed on 87 individuals representing both sexes and different age classes. The timing of the lesions was assessed based on morphological criteria, including the absence and presence of bone reactive processes and the relative plasticity of the bone at the moment of impact. The distribution by age, sex, and anatomical location of trauma was analyzed by means of logistic models, Fisher\'s exact tests, and 3D visualizations.
A total of 130 perimortem traumas, including chop marks, slice marks, penetrating lesions, and blunt traumas were identified on 22 individuals. Chop marks were mostly at the level of the skull and vertebrae and were likely caused by bladed weapons. Slice marks were found on the cervical vertebrae and cranium and may be the result of throat slitting and scalping by means of smaller bladed implements. Traumas were more frequent in males, and their presence is not correlated with age.
This study adds new data to the few available regarding violence among steppe nomadic cultures and provides new insights about the effects of political instability on the life of the people inhabiting Eastern Eurasia during the early centuries CE.
Perimortem traumas were assessed on 87 individuals representing both sexes and different age classes. The timing of the lesions was assessed based on morphological criteria, including the absence and presence of bone reactive processes and the relative plasticity of the bone at the moment of impact. The distribution by age, sex, and anatomical location of trauma was analyzed by means of logistic models, Fisher\'s exact tests, and 3D visualizations.
A total of 130 perimortem traumas, including chop marks, slice marks, penetrating lesions, and blunt traumas were identified on 22 individuals. Chop marks were mostly at the level of the skull and vertebrae and were likely caused by bladed weapons. Slice marks were found on the cervical vertebrae and cranium and may be the result of throat slitting and scalping by means of smaller bladed implements. Traumas were more frequent in males, and their presence is not correlated with age.
This study adds new data to the few available regarding violence among steppe nomadic cultures and provides new insights about the effects of political instability on the life of the people inhabiting Eastern Eurasia during the early centuries CE.
摘要：
战争被认为是欧亚大陆东部草原游牧民族的定义文化特征之一。在公元一世纪，中国北方和西伯利亚南部的政治动荡时期，相对较少的数据，然而,关于这些社区暴力的程度和可变性。这里,我们通过分析草原游牧民族的暴力类型，提供了新的数据，解剖分布,和Tunnug1死前创伤的人口统计学分布(图瓦，西伯利亚南部-第二至第四c。CE）。
对代表性别和不同年龄段的87名个体进行了死前创伤评估。根据形态学标准评估病变的时间，包括骨反应过程的不存在和存在以及撞击时骨骼的相对可塑性。按年龄分布,性别,并通过逻辑模型分析了创伤的解剖位置，费希尔的精确检验，和3D可视化。
共有130个死前创伤,包括印章,切片标记,穿透性病变,在22个人身上发现了钝性创伤。切痕主要在头骨和椎骨的水平，很可能是由刀刃武器引起的。在颈椎和颅骨上发现了切片痕迹，可能是用较小的刀刃工具切开喉咙和剥头皮的结果。创伤在男性中更常见，他们的存在与年龄无关。
这项研究为少数关于草原游牧文化中的暴力提供了新的数据，并提供了关于政治不稳定对居住在欧亚大陆东部的人们生活的影响的新见解。
对代表性别和不同年龄段的87名个体进行了死前创伤评估。根据形态学标准评估病变的时间，包括骨反应过程的不存在和存在以及撞击时骨骼的相对可塑性。按年龄分布,性别,并通过逻辑模型分析了创伤的解剖位置，费希尔的精确检验，和3D可视化。
共有130个死前创伤,包括印章,切片标记,穿透性病变,在22个人身上发现了钝性创伤。切痕主要在头骨和椎骨的水平，很可能是由刀刃武器引起的。在颈椎和颅骨上发现了切片痕迹，可能是用较小的刀刃工具切开喉咙和剥头皮的结果。创伤在男性中更常见，他们的存在与年龄无关。
这项研究为少数关于草原游牧文化中的暴力提供了新的数据，并提供了关于政治不稳定对居住在欧亚大陆东部的人们生活的影响的新见解。
