To establish the correlation between thermal conditions imposed on bloodstains and visualizing effect of enhancement techniques, infrared photography and four chemical enhancement reagents were used to visualize bloodstains following thermal exposure. A black tile was selected as the substrate to intensify the visualization challenge, with a Cone Calorimeter serving as the standardized heating source to control thermal conditions. Compared with standard photography, infrared photography is proven to be a valuable complement to chemical reagents, showing significant advantages in visualizing bloodstains after thermal exposure. However, it is worth noting that infrared image fell short of standard image when bloodstains displayed raised, embossed morphology or when bloodstains almost disappeared under specific conditions. The enhancement effectiveness was found to be strongly correlated with thermal conditions imposed on bloodstains, and the morphology evolution of bloodstains during heating affected the chemical enhancement effect additionally, especially when the bulge morphology was formed, and it was observed that reagents were more effective after removing the dense shell of the bulge. Among the four selected chemical enhancement reagents, fluorescein performed exceptionally well, maintaining its effectiveness even for bloodstains heated at 641°C for 10 min. TMB demonstrated its visualizing ability for bloodstains heated at 396°C for 5 min and heated at 310°C for 20 min. BLUESTAR® followed afterwards, while luminol performed worst. The correlation between thermal conditions imposed on bloodstains and the corresponding visualizing effectiveness of enhancement techniques provides important references for detecting bloodstains at fire scenes.

Anaphylaxis is a rare but well-known cause of sudden unexpected death, although data from forensic autopsies in anaphylactic deaths are limited. Herein, a retrospective study of a series of allergic deaths from 2009 through 2019 in Shanghai, China, was conducted to investigate the demographic, medical, and forensic pathological characteristics of fatal anaphylaxis to improve medicolegal understanding on anaphylactic death. Sixty-two autopsy cases of anaphylactic death were registered in this study. Males dominated the cases (74.2%) against females (25.8%), with an average age of 38.8 years. Medications (98.4%), particularly antibiotics (72.6%), were the most frequent cause of anaphylaxis, and 44 cases (71.0%) occurred in clinics administered illegally by unlicensed clinicians. The anaphylactic symptoms began within a few minutes to less than 1 h in 53 cases, with dyspnea (56.5%) and sudden shock (46.8%) being the most common clinical signs. Thirty cases (48.4%) of anaphylaxis resulted in death within 1 h. Laryngeal edema and multiple tissue eosinophil infiltration (85.5%) were the most prevalent autopsy findings, followed by pulmonary edema and congestion (24.2%), which were considered to be non-specific but suggestive. The comorbidities were mainly cardiovascular disease (33.9%), pneumonia (8.1%) and asthma (8.1%). Serum IgE were measured in 11 of 62 cases, ranging from 43.3 to 591 IU/ml, severed as a helpful marker. Therefore, we suggested a thorough analysis of allergen exposure, clinical history and autopsy findings is required for the diagnosis of anaphylactic death currently.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the high risk factors of obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP), and to explore how to evaluate the relationship between fault medical behavior and OBPP in the process of medical damage forensic identification.
METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out on 25 cases of medical damage liability disputes related to OBPP from 2017 to 2021 in Beijing Fayuan Judicial Science Evidence Appraisal Center. The shortcomings of hospitals in birth weight assessment, delivery mode selection, labor process observation and shoulder dystocia management, and the causal relationship between them and the damage consequences of the children were summarized.
RESULTS: Fault medical behavior was assessed as the primary cause in 2 cases, equal cause in 10 cases, secondary cause in 8 cases, minor cause in 1 case, no causal relationship in 1 case, and unclear causal force in 3 cases.
CONCLUSIONS: In the process of forensic identification of OBPP, whether medical behaviors fulfill diagnosis and treatment obligations should be objectively analyzed from the aspects of prenatal evaluation, delivery mode notification, standardized use of oxytocin, standard operation of shoulder dystocia, etc. Meanwhile, it is necessary to fully consider the objective risk of different risk factors and the difficulty of injury prevention, and comprehensively evaluate the causal force of fault medical behavior in the damage consequences.
目的: 分析新生儿分娩性臂丛神经损伤的高危因素，探讨在医疗损害法医学鉴定中如何评价过错诊疗行为与新生儿分娩性臂丛神经损伤之间的关系。方法: 对北京法源司法科学证据鉴定中心2017—2021年25例新生儿分娩性臂丛神经损伤医疗损害责任纠纷相关案例进行回顾性分析，总结医院在胎儿体质量评估、分娩方式选择、产程观察与肩难产处置等方面存在的不足之处及其与患儿损害后果之间的关系。结果: 过错医疗行为评定为主要原因2例，同等原因10例，次要原因8例，轻微原因1例，无因果关系1例，未明确原因力3例。结论: 新生儿分娩性臂丛神经损伤医疗损害法医学鉴定过程中，从产前评估、分娩方式告知、规范使用缩宫素、肩难产操作规范性等环节，客观分析医疗行为是否履行诊疗义务，同时需充分考量不同危险因素的客观风险性和损伤预防的困难性，综合评价过错医疗行为在损害结果中的原因力大小。.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the toxicokinetic differences of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) and its metabolite 4,5-methylene dioxy amphetamine (MDA) in rats after single and continuous administration of MDMA, providing reference data for the forensic identification of MDMA.
METHODS: A total of 24 rats in the single administration group were randomly divided into 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg experimental groups and the control group, with 6 rats in each group. The experimental group was given intraperitoneal injection of MDMA, and the control group was given intraperitoneal injection of the same volume of normal saline as the experimental group. The amount of 0.5 mL blood was collected from the medial canthus 5 min, 30 min, 1 h, 1.5 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h, 12 h after administration. In the continuous administration group, 24 rats were randomly divided into the experimental group (18 rats) and the control group (6 rats). The experimental group was given MDMA 7 d by continuous intraperitoneal injection in increments of 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 mg/kg per day, respectively, while the control group was given the same volume of normal saline as the experimental group by intraperitoneal injection. On the eighth day, the experimental rats were randomly divided into 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg dose groups, with 6 rats in each group. MDMA was injected intraperitoneally, and the control group was injected intraperitoneally with the same volume of normal saline as the experimental group. On the eighth day, 0.5 mL of blood was taken from the medial canthus 5 min, 30 min, 1 h, 1.5 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h, 12 h after administration. Liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry was used to detect MDMA and MDA levels, and statistical software was employed for data analysis.
RESULTS: In the single-administration group, peak concentrations of MDMA and MDA were reached at 5 min and 1 h after administration, respectively, with the largest detection time limit of 12 h. In the continuous administration group, peak concentrations were reached at 30 min and 1.5 h after administration, respectively, with the largest detection time limit of 10 h. Nonlinear fitting equations for the concentration ratio of MDMA and MDA in plasma and administration time in the single-administration group and continuous administration group were as follows: T=10.362C-1.183, R2=0.974 6; T=7.397 3C-0.694, R2=0.961 5 (T: injection time; C: concentration ratio of MDMA to MDA in plasma).
CONCLUSIONS: The toxicokinetic data of MDMA and its metabolite MDA in rats, obtained through single and continuous administration, including peak concentration, peak time, detection time limit, and the relationship between concentration ratio and administration time, provide a theoretical and data foundation for relevant forensic identification.
目的: 探究单次和连续给药3，4-亚甲基二氧基甲基苯丙胺（3，4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine，MDMA）后，MDMA及其代谢物4，5-亚甲基二氧基苯丙胺（4，5-methylene dioxy amphetamine，MDA）在大鼠体内的毒物代谢动力学差异，为MDMA的法医学鉴定提供数据依据。方法: 单次给药组取24只大鼠随机分为5、10、20 mg/kg实验组和对照组，每组6只，实验组腹腔注射给药MDMA，对照组经腹腔注射给药与实验组同等体积的生理盐水。给药后5 min、30 min、1 h、1.5 h、2 h、4 h、6 h、8 h、10 h、12 h通过内眦动脉取血0.5 mL。连续给药组取24只大鼠随机分为实验组（18只）和对照组（6只）。实验组连续腹腔注射递增给药MDMA 7 d，每日给药剂量分别为5、7、9、11、13、15、17 mg/kg，对照组经腹腔注射给药与实验组同等体积的生理盐水。第8天将实验组大鼠随机分为5、10、20 mg/kg剂量组，每组6只，腹腔注射给药MDMA，对照组经腹腔注射与实验组同等体积的生理盐水。给药后5 min、30 min、1 h、1.5 h、2 h、4 h、6 h、8 h、10 h、12 h通过内眦动脉取血0.5 mL。使用液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱检测MDMA和MDA含量，运用统计学软件进行数据分析。结果: 单次给药组血浆中MDMA在给药后5 min达到峰浓度，MDA在给药后1 h达到峰浓度，MDMA和MDA的最长检出时限为12 h。连续给药组第8天MDMA在给药后30 min达到峰浓度，MDA在给药后1.5 h达到峰浓度，MDMA和MDA的最长检出时限为10 h。单次给药组和连续给药组检出时限内MDMA和MDA质量浓度比与给药时间的非线性拟合方程分别为T=10.362C-1.183，R2=0.974 6；T=7.397 3C-0.694，R2=0.961 5（T为给药时间，C为MDMA和MDA在血浆中的质量浓度比）。结论: 本研究得到的MDMA及其代谢物MDA在单次和连续给药大鼠体内毒物代谢动力学数据（达峰浓度、达峰时间、检测时限和质量浓度比与给药时间的关系）为相关法医学鉴定提供了理论基础和数据依据。.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a rapid screening method for 34 emerging contaminants in surface water by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS).
METHODS: The pretreatment conditions of solid phase extraction (SPE) were optimized by orthogonal experimental design and the surface water samples were concentrated and extracted by Oasis® HLB and Oasis® MCX SPE columns in series. The extracts were separated by Kinetex® EVO C18 column, with gradient elution of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and 0.1% formic acid methanol solution. Q-TOF-MS \'fullscan\' and \'targeted MS/MS\' modes were used to detect 34 emerging contaminants and to establish a database with 34 emerging contaminants precursor ion, product ion and retention times.
RESULTS: The 34 emerging contaminants exhibited good linearity in the concentration range respectively and the correlation coefficients (r) were higher than 0.97. The limit of detection was 0.2-10 ng/L and the recoveries were 81.2%-119.2%. The intra-day precision was 0.78%-18.70%. The method was applied to analyze multiple surface water samples and 6 emerging contaminants were detected, with a concentration range of 1.93-157.71 ng/L.
CONCLUSIONS: The method is simple and rapid for screening various emerging contaminants at the trace level in surface water.
目的: 建立基于超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱（ultra-high performance liquid chromatography- quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry，UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS）技术快速筛查地表水中34种新兴污染物的方法。方法: 通过正交试验设计优化固相萃取（solid phase extraction，SPE）前处理条件，样品经Oasis® HLB和Oasis® MCX固相萃取柱串联富集萃取。萃取物采用Kinetex® EVO C18色谱柱分离，0.1%甲酸水溶液和0.1%甲酸甲醇溶液梯度洗脱，Q-TOF-MS “fullscan”和“targeted MS/MS”模式检测34种新兴污染物，建立34种新兴污染物母离子、子离子及保留时间的数据库。结果: 地表水中34种新兴污染物在各自线性范围内呈良好的线性关系，相关系数（r）大于0.97。检出限为0.2~10 ng/L，回收率为81.2%~119.2%，日间精密度为0.78%~18.70%。将方法应用于多份地表水样品的检测，共检出6种新兴污染物，质量浓度为1.93~157.71 ng/L。结论: 该方法能简单、快速地对地表水中的多种痕量级新兴污染物进行筛查分析。.

OBJECTIVE: To study the application of CE-Chirp in the evaluation of hearing impairment in forensic medicine by testing the auditory brainstem response (ABR) in adults using CE-Chirp to analyze the relationship between the V-wave response threshold of CE-Chirp ABR test and the pure tone hearing threshold.
METHODS: Subjects (aged 20-77 with a total of 100 ears) who underwent CE-Chirp ABR test in Changzhou De\'an Hospital from January 2018 to June 2019 were selected to obtain the V-wave response threshold, and pure tone air conduction hearing threshold tests were conducted at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 kHz, respectively, to obtain pure tone listening threshold. The differences and statistical differences between the average pure tone hearing threshold and V-wave response threshold were compared in different hearing levels and different age groups. The correlation, differences and statistical differences between the two tests at each frequency were analyzed for all subjects. The linear regression equation for estimating pure tone hearing threshold for all subjects CE-Chirp ABR V-wave response threshold was established, and the feasibility of the equation was tested.
RESULTS: There was no statistical significance in the CE-Chirp ABR response threshold and pure tone hearing threshold difference between different hearing level groups and different age groups (P>0.05). There was a good correlation between adult CE-Chirp ABR V-wave response threshold and pure tone hearing threshold with statistical significance (P<0.05), and linear regression analysis showed a significant linear correlation between the two (P<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: The use of CE-Chirp ABR V-wave response threshold can be used to evaluate subjects\' pure tone hearing threshold under certain conditions, and can be used as an audiological test method for forensic hearing impairment assessment.
目的: 采用听神经同步专利刺激声（CE-Chirp声）对成人听性脑干反应（auditory brainstem response，ABR）进行测试，分析CE-Chirp ABR测试的V波反应阈与纯音听阈的关系，研究CE-Chirp声在法医学鉴定听觉功能障碍评估中的作用。方法: 选择常州市德安医院2018年1月—2019年6月进行CE-Chirp ABR测试的受试者（年龄为20~77周岁，共计100耳），获得V波反应阈值，并在0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0 kHz分别进行纯音气导听阈测试，获得纯音听阈值，按照不同听力水平及不同年龄对受试者进行分组。比较不同听力水平及不同年龄组平均纯音听阈与V波反应阈之间的差值及统计学差异；对所有受试者各频率两种方法之间的相关性、差值及统计学差异进行分析；建立所有受试者CE-Chirp ABR V波反应阈推断纯音听阈的线性回归方程，并检验其推断纯音听阈的可行性。结果: 不同听力水平及不同年龄组各组之间CE-Chirp ABR反应阈与纯音听阈差值的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；各频率成人CE-Chirp ABR V波反应阈与纯音听阈之间相关性良好，两者之间差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05），线性回归分析显示两者之间有线性相关关系（P<0.05）。结论: 运用CE-Chirp ABR Ⅴ波反应阈在一定条件下能够评估受试者的纯音听阈，可以作为一种听力学测试方法用于法医学听觉障碍评估。.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the literature on artificial intelligence in forensic research from 2012 to 2022 in the Web of Science Core Collection Database, to explore research hotspots and developmental trends.
METHODS: A total of 736 articles on artificial intelligence in forensic medicine in the Web of Science Core Collection Database from 2012 to 2022 were visualized and analyzed through the literature measuring tool CiteSpace. The authors, institution, country (region), title, journal, keywords, cited references and other information of relevant literatures were analyzed.
RESULTS: A total of 736 articles published in 220 journals by 355 authors from 289 institutions in 69 countries (regions) were identified, with the number of articles published showing an increasing trend year by year. Among them, the United States had the highest number of publications and China ranked the second. Academy of Forensic Science had the highest number of publications among the institutions. Forensic Science International, Journal of Forensic Sciences, International Journal of Legal Medicine ranked high in publication and citation frequency. Through the analysis of keywords, it was found that the research hotspots of artificial intelligence in the forensic field mainly focused on the use of artificial intelligence technology for sex and age estimation, cause of death analysis, postmortem interval estimation, individual identification and so on.
CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to pay attention to international and institutional cooperation and to strengthen the cross-disciplinary research. Exploring the combination of advanced artificial intelligence technologies with forensic research will be a hotspot and direction for future research.
目的: 分析2012—2022年Web of Science核心合集数据库中人工智能在法医学研究领域的文献，探索该领域的研究热点和发展趋势。方法: 通过文献计量工具CiteSpace对2012—2022年Web of Science核心合集数据库关于人工智能在法医学领域的736篇文献进行可视化分析，对相关文献的作者、机构、国家（地区）、标题、期刊、关键词、引用的参考文献等信息进行分析。结果: 736篇文献来自69个国家（地区）289家机构的355位作者，发表于220种期刊，发文量呈逐年上升趋势。其中美国发文量最高，中国位列第二，机构中司法鉴定科学研究院发文量最高。Forensic Science International、Journal of Forensic Sciences、International Journal of Legal Medicine在发表文献和被引频次中均排名靠前。对关键词进行分析发现，人工智能在法医学领域的研究热点主要集中在利用人工智能技术进行性别年龄推断、死亡原因分析、死亡时间推断、个体识别等方面。结论: 应注重国际合作与机构间合作，加强交叉学科间的研究。探索先进的人工智能技术应用于法医各学科领域将是未来研究的热点与方向。.

In forensics, it is important to determine the time since deposition (TSD) of bloodstains, one of the most common types of biological evidence in criminal cases. However, no effective TSD inference methods have been established despite extensive attempts in forensic science. Our study investigated the changes in the blood transcriptome over time, and we found that degradation could be divided into four stages (days 0-2, 4-14, 21-56, and 84-168) at 4 °C. A random forest prediction model based on these transcriptional changes was trained on experimental samples and tested in separate test samples. This model was able to successfully predict TSD (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.995, precision = 1, and recall = 1). Thus, this proof-of-concept pilot study has practical significance for assessing physical evidence. Meanwhile, 11 upregulated and 13 downregulated transcripts were identified as potential time-marker transcripts, laying a foundation for further development of TSD analysis methods in forensic science and crime scene investigation.

UNASSIGNED: At present, there are no available genetic data on the AGCU EX22 Kit from the Wuhu Han population.
UNASSIGNED: This study investigates the applicability of the AGCU EX22 kit, designed for the Chinese population for forensic analysis and population genetics of the Wuhu Han population.
UNASSIGNED: Bloodstains from 1565 unrelated healthy individuals in Wuhu city, Anhui Province, were collected for analysis. The AGCU EX22 kit was used for amplification, and capillary electrophoresis was used to separate the amplification products. Allele frequencies and forensic parameters were determined. The Wuhu Han population was compared to 10 reference populations through genetic distance, a phylogenetic neighbor-joining tree and principal component analysis.
UNASSIGNED: In total, 281 alleles and 1187 genotypes were observed. No significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at any locus were found after Bonferroni\'s correction. The 21 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) genetic markers exhibited high informativeness and polymorphism. The cumulative power of discrimination and power of exclusion were 0.999999999999999999999999913380 and 0.999999996752339, respectively. Population comparisons revealed a genetic affinity between Wuhu Han and southern Han populations, except for the Guangdong Han population, which aligned with the traditional geographical division in China.
UNASSIGNED: The AGCU EX22 Kit, containing 21 STR loci, is suitable for forensic application and population genetics studies in the Wuhu Han population.

Due to nonspecific pathological changes and the rapid degradation of insulin in postmortem blood samples, the identification of the cause of death during insulin overdose has always been a difficulty in forensic medicine. At present, there is a lack of studies on the toxicological changes and related mechanisms of an insulin overdose, and the specific molecular markers of insulin overdose are still unclear. In this study, an animal model of insulin overdose was established, and 24 SD rats were randomly divided into a control group, insulin overdose group, and a recovery group (n = 8). We detected the biochemical changes and analyzed the toxicological mechanism of an insulin overdose. The results showed that after insulin overdose, the rats developed irregular convulsions, Eclampsia, Opisthotonos, and other symptoms. The levels of glucose, glycogen, and C-peptide in the body decreased significantly, while the levels of lactate, insulin, and glucagon increased significantly. The decrease in plasma K+ was accompanied by the increase in skeletal muscle K+. The PI3K-AKT signaling pathway was significantly activated in skeletal muscle, and the translocation of GLUT4/Na+-K+-ATPase to sarcolemma was significantly increased. Rare glycogenic hepatopathy occurred in the recovery group after insulin overdose. Our study showed that insulin overdose also plays a role in skeletal muscle cells, mainly through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Therefore, the detection of signaling pathway proteins of the skeletal muscle cell membrane GLUT4 and Na+-K+-ATPase has a certain auxiliary diagnostic value for forensic insulin overdose identification. Glycogen detection in the liver and skeletal muscle is important for the diagnosis of insulin overdose, but it still needs to be differentiated from other causes of death. Skeletal muscle has great potential for insulin detection, and the ratio of insulin to the C-peptide (I:C) can determine whether an exogenous insulin overdose is present.