sexual assault

性侵犯
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    认可有问题的性暴力相关态度,包括强奸神话接受(RMA),敌对的性别歧视,反对性同意与负面结果有关,包括性暴力的实施。这项研究在770名参与者的样本中检查了社会关系作为与性暴力相关的态度的保护因素。结果表明,在完整的样本中,与工作场所的联系可以保护RMA和敌对的性别歧视,而家庭联系可以保护不赞成性同意,RMA,敌对的性别歧视。其他社会关系的模式在男性和女性的不同模式中有所不同。意外的发现表明与宗教社会群体的联系是一种风险,不是保护性的,因素进行了讨论。
    Endorsing problematic sexual violence-related attitudes including rape myth acceptance (RMA), hostile sexism, and disapproval of sexual consent is associated with negative outcomes, including the perpetration of sexual violence. This study examined social connections as a protective factor for sexual violence-related attitudes among a sample of 770 participants. Results indicate that in the full sample, connections to a workplace were protective for RMA and hostile sexism while family connections were protective for disapproval of sexual consent, RMA, and hostile sexism. Patterns of other social connections differed in separate models for men and women. Unexpected findings indicating that connections to a religious social group are a risk, not a protective, factor are discussed.
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  • 文章类型: Editorial
    背景:军事性创伤[MST]一词越来越多地用于描述在服兵役期间在职人员之间发生的性骚扰/攻击的情况。然而,在没有明确的普遍定义的情况下,MST是一个越来越有争议的术语,对它的范围感到困惑,适用于不同的司法管辖区,以及对反应和治疗的影响。目标:这篇社论提供了MST的通用定义,与任何国家体系或框架脱钩。方法:借鉴有关MST的性质和影响的现有国际证据。结果和结论:我们认为MST术语提供了一个独特的框架,它认识到MST受害的制度性质并定位了上下文,行为,以及对连续暴力的影响。
    MST术语提供了对军事机构中性骚扰/攻击的细微差别的理解和承认。MST术语应包括性暴力的连续性。借鉴现有的军队卫生研究,作者认为,MST应被视为一种独特的创伤性应激源。
    Background: The term military sexual trauma [MST] is increasingly used to describe instances of sexual harassment/assault that occur between serving personnel during military service. However, in the absence of a clear universal definition, MST is an increasingly contested term, with confusion about its scope, application to differing jurisdictions and implications for responses and treatment.Objective: This editorial provides a universal definition of MST, decoupled from any national system or framework.Method: Drawing on existing international evidence about the nature and impact of MST.Results and Conclusion: We argue that MST terminology provides a unique framing which recognises the institutional nature of MST victimisation and situates the context, behaviours, and impact on a continuum of violence.
    MST terminology provides understanding and acknowledgement of the nuances of sexual harassment/assault in the military institution.MST terminology should encompass a continuum of sexual violence.Drawing on existing military health research, the authors contend that MST should be considered as a distinctive traumatic stressor.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    对药物促进的性侵犯(DFSA)中存在的无行为能力物质的流行知之甚少。这里提出了一个文献综述,以提供背景信息,如症状,恶化,和药物相互作用,关于典型地涉及DFSA的药物,即γ-羟基丁酸酯(GHB),γ-丁内酯(GBL),1,4-丁二醇(1,4-BD),氯胺酮,地西泮,羟考酮,甲基苯丙胺,和酒精。通过Scopus和Pubmed发现的文献进行了审查,以确定这些物质在DFSA中的当前患病率,重点是澳大利亚数据。全球文献显示,DFSA中使用的物质种类繁多,流行程度因国家而异。例如,在北爱尔兰,阿片类药物最普遍,而在法国,苯二氮卓类药物最普遍。在澳大利亚,审查显示缺乏当代数据,维多利亚州的最新报告使用了2011-2013年期间收集的数据。文献还表明,自我报告的物质使用与通过毒理学分析发现的物质之间可能存在重要差异。这可能是由于生物检测的挑战,自我报告的可靠性,以及一种物质在他们不知情的情况下被引入到一个人的食物或饮料中的可能性。这篇综述强调需要收集和分析与DFSA报告和检测到的药物有关的当前数据,并且由于合法和非法药物使用的情况不断变化,因此有必要评估由于药物-药物相互作用以及丧失行为能力的可能性而导致的处方药在DFSA中的作用。
    Little is known about the prevalence of incapacitating substances present in drug facilitated sexual assaults (DFSA). Presented here is a literature review conducted to provide background information, such as symptoms, exacerbations, and drug interactions, on drugs typically implicated in DFSA, namely gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD), ketamine, diazepam, oxycodone, methamphetamine, and alcohol. Literature found through Scopus and Pubmed was reviewed to determine the current prevalence of these substances in DFSA with a focus on Australian data. The global literature revealed that there is a wide variety of substances used in DFSA and the prevalence varied by country. For example, it was found that in Northern Ireland, opioids were most prevalent whereas in France, benzodiazepines were most prevalent. In Australia the review revealed a lack of contemporary data with the most recent report in Victoria using data collected during 2011-2013. The literature also revealed there can be an important difference between self-reported substance use and substances discovered via toxicological analysis. This can be due to the challenges of biological detection, reliability of self-reporting, and the possibility of a substance being introduced to a person\'s food or drink without their knowledge. This review highlights the need for the collection and analysis of current data pertaining to DFSA reports and the drugs detected, and due to the constantly evolving picture of both licit and illicit drug use an assessment of the role of prescription medications in DFSA due to drug-drug interactions as well as potential to incapacitate is warranted.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    当男人不听女人要求停止时,联播会导致性侵犯。因此,在这些情况下,确定影响男性决定推翻直接拒绝的因素是很重要的。目前,我们进行了第一人称小插曲,描绘了一个典型的联播,其中女人拒绝了男人升级亲密关系的尝试。使用全国新兴成年男性样本(N=420),我们发现他们平均并没有完全排除强制性或强制性的战术,但是那些接受强奸神话的人,阳刚之气,当控制其他几个已知与强奸相关的特征时,精神病患者独特地面临着攻击的风险。参与者还报告说,当在已经达到的较高水平的性亲密状态下发生拒绝时,更有可能使用强制性的性行为。值得注意的是,诊断分析显示,一部分男性对回归估计的影响不成比例,这些人不仅在一系列与攻击相关的特征上被提升,但也赞同在面对女性性拒绝时使用胁迫和武力的可能性更高。尽管删除这些病例并没有实质性改变结果,探索性分析显示,这些个体对情境因素的反应不同,暗示了性机会主义。讨论了这些发现的理论和实践意义。
    Hookups can result in sexual assault when men do not listen to requests from women to stop. It is thus important to identify factors that influence men\'s decisions to override direct refusals in these situations. Presently, we administered first-person vignettes depicting a prototypical hookup wherein the woman refuses the man\'s attempt to escalate intimacy. Using a national sample of emerging adult men (N = 420), we found that they on average did not completely rule out coercive or forcible tactics, but those elevated on rape myth acceptance, hypermasculinity, and psychopathy were uniquely at risk of assault when controlling for several other traits known to correlate with rape. Participants also reported being likelier to use coercive sexual practices when refusals occurred at higher levels of sexual intimacy already attained. Notably, diagnostic analyses revealed that a subset of men had a disproportionate influence on the regression estimates, and that these men were not only elevated across a range of assault-relevant traits, but also endorsed higher likelihoods of using coercion and force in the face of female sexual refusal. Although removal of these cases did not substantively alter the results, exploratory analyses revealed that these individuals responded differently to situational factors in ways that suggested sexual opportunism. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    我们报告了比替拉韦/恩曲他滨/替诺福韦艾拉酚胺在性侵犯病例中用于非职业暴露后预防的经验。2021年6月至2023年10月,39人完成了为期28天的随访;41%的人出现了一些副作用。1人因皮疹停药。在随访期间,没有人血清转化为HIV。
    We report the experience of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide for nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis in sexual assault cases. Between June 2021 and October 2023, 39 individuals completed the 28-day follow-up; 41% experienced some side effects, and 1 person discontinued the drug because of a rash. No individuals seroconverted to HIV during the follow-up period.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    确保支持和服务满足性侵犯幸存者受害者(SV)的需求,要求决策者,服务提供商,和倡导者直接寻求他们的见解。本文报告了在美国第五大都市地区进行的SV焦点小组对自我感知需求的定性结果(凤凰城,亚利桑那州)。还对来自服务和司法部门的主要线人(KIs)进行了采访,以了解系统一级对SV优先需求的看法。SV对话的主要主题表明,他们使用整体健康的观点。他们的叙述在整个社会生态模型中映射,并展示了超越正义的广泛需求和需求。KI叙述了通常在赠款菜单上列出的确定选项。SVs谈到了他们在日常生活中所需要的东西。通常,KIs专注于增加资金,以提供更多现有的相同干预措施。调查结果为更好地将服务与SV寻求的服务保持一致提供了机会,并进一步强调需要让他们参与规划和实施。
    Ensuring that support and services are meeting the needs of survivor-victims (SV) of sexual assault requires that policymakers, service providers, and advocates seek their insight directly. This article reports qualitative results on self-perceived needs from SV focus groups conducted in the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States (Phoenix, Arizona). Interviews with key informants (KIs) drawn from the service and justice sector were also obtained for system-level perspectives of SV priority needs. The major themes of the SV conversations demonstrated that they use a holistic wellness perspective. Their narratives mapped across the social-ecological model and demonstrated a wide range of wants and needs beyond justice. KI narratives identified options typically listed on a grant menu. SVs spoke of what they needed in their daily lives. Typically, KIs focused on increased funds to offer more of the same interventions currently available. The findings open opportunities to better align services with what SVs seek, and further underscore the need to engage them in planning and implementation.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    目的:本研究通过分析单次口服给药后从研究参与者收集的黑发标本,研究了头发分析作为识别suvorexant(SUV)和lemborexant(LEM)摄入量的方法的适用性。
    方法:从服用单剂量10mgSUV或5mgLEM的参与者收集头发标本。通过液相色谱-串联质谱法鉴定双重食欲素受体拮抗剂(DORAs)及其代谢物。SUV和LEM的代谢物S-M9和L-M4的参考标准,分别,是在我们的实验室合成的。还对单发束的1mm段进行了截面分析,以研究药物在头发中的掺入行为。
    结果:未改变的SUV和LEM,甚至在单发标本中也检测到了它们的代谢物S-M9和L-M4。分段头发分析的结果表明,药物主要通过毛球区域而不是通过发根的上真皮区域掺入头发中。头发样本中的药物浓度,摄入后约1个月收集,SUV为0.033-0.037pg/发束(0.17-0.19pg/mg),LEM为0.054-0.28pg/发束(0.28-1.5pg/mg)。计算的DORA在头发中与口服剂量的分配比例远低于先前研究中报道的苯并二氮卓类和唑吡坦的分配比例。
    结论:这是关于头发中DORA检测的第一份报告。本文所揭示的DORA掺入毛发中的行为对于毛发测试结果的正确解释是至关重要的。
    OBJECTIVE: This study examined the applicability of hair analysis as an approach to identify suvorexant (SUV) and lemborexant (LEM) intake by analyzing black hair specimens collected from study participants after a single oral administration.
    METHODS: Hair specimens were collected form participants who took a single dose of 10 mg SUV or 5 mg LEM. Identification of the dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) and their metabolites was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Reference standards of S-M9 and L-M4, the metabolites of SUV and LEM, respectively, were synthesized in our laboratory. Sectional analysis of 1-mm segments of the single-hair strands was also performed to investigate the incorporation behavior of the drugs into hair.
    RESULTS: Unchanged SUV and LEM, and their metabolites S-M9 and L-M4 were detected even in the single-hair specimens. Results of the segmental hair analysis showed predominant incorporation of the drugs into hair through the hair bulb region rather than through the upper dermis zone of the hair root. The drug concentrations in the hair specimens, collected about 1 month after intake, were 0.033-0.037 pg/hair strand (0.17-0.19 pg/mg) for SUV and 0.054-0.28 pg/hair strand (0.28-1.5 pg/mg) for LEM. The calculated distribution ratios of the DORAs into hair to the oral doses were much lower than those of benzodiazepines and zolpidem reported in a previous study.
    CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of the detection of the DORAs in hair. The incorporation behavior of the DORAs into hair revealed herein are crucial for proper interpretation of hair test results.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    研究已经确定了多个与研究和样本相关的因素,这些因素可以预测报告强奸经历的参与者比例的变化(非自愿口头,肛门,或者通过武力获得的阴道渗透,武力威胁,和/或受害者失能)。这些方法论变量引入的变化幅度通常不清楚,这可能会使比较研究结果的尝试复杂化。为了识别和量化变异源,我们进行了一项荟萃分析,比较了美国女性在青春期或成年期遭受强奸的比率.对6391篇研究文章进行了纳入评估,84项研究(89个独立样本)符合纳入标准。随机效应荟萃分析的结果发现,平均17.0%(95%CI[15.7%,18.3%])的样本参与者报告了青春期或成年期强奸的经历。参与者的平均年龄,样本的来源,措施中包括的渗透策略,样本来源和渗透策略之间的相互作用都预测了确定的受害者比例的显着变化。参与者招募方法,出版年份,而纳入参考期的最早年龄并不能预测显著的变异。这些发现阐明了方法学变量对观察到的受害率的影响,并提供了可以为性受害研究进行比较的背景。
    Research studies have identified multiple study- and sample-related factors that predict variation in the proportion of participants who report experiences of rape (non-consensual oral, anal, or vaginal penetration obtained by force, threat of force, and/or victim incapacitation). The magnitude of variation introduced by these methodological variables is often unclear, which can complicate attempts to compare findings across research studies. With the goal of identifying and quantifying sources of variation, we conducted a meta-analysis that compared rates of rape experienced by women in the United States during adolescence or adulthood. 6391 research articles were evaluated for inclusion and 84 studies (89 independent samples) met inclusion criteria. Results of a random-effects meta-analysis found that an average of 17.0 % (95 % CI [15.7 %, 18.3 %]) of participants across samples reported experiences of rape in adolescence or adulthood. The mean participant age, source of the sample, perpetration tactics included in the measure, and interaction between sample source and perpetration tactics each predicted significant variation in the proportion of victims identified. Participant recruitment method, publication year, and the earliest age included in the reference period did not predict significant variation. These findings clarify the impact of methodological variables on observed victimization rates and provide context that can inform comparisons across sexual victimization studies.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    公共交通是性暴力和性骚扰的热点。通过对在公共交通工具上遭受性暴力和骚扰的妇女和性别多样化人士的41次采访,我们发现,妇女和性别多样化的人从事广泛的“安全工作,“比如改变他们的行为,制定战略,和规划。安全工作需要大量的时间和精力,经常让参与者感到压力。然而,与会者主张改变公共交通,以减少他们为保持安全而做的工作。我们认为重大变化,包括初级预防基于性别的暴力,需要减少他们的安全工作。
    Public transport is a known hotspot for sexual violence and harassment. Through 41 interviews with women and gender-diverse people who have experienced sexual violence and harassment on public transport, we found that women and gender-diverse people engage in extensive \"safety work,\" such as changing their behavior, strategizing, and planning. Safety work takes considerable time and effort, often leaving participants feeling stressed. However, participants advocated for changes to public transport to reduce the work they do to stay safe. We argue that significant changes, including primary prevention of gender-based violence, are needed to reduce their safety work.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    本文针对起诉证人在性侵犯审判中通常提出的主张:注意力在压力下变窄,并且这些参加活动的方面以确保准确性以及对衰落和失真的抵抗力的方式进行编码。我们提供证据来反驳这种说法。鉴于编码的内容在很大程度上是一个人对经验的解释的要点,我们讨论了注意力和情绪对经验解释的偏见。我们用熟人强奸的记忆报告来说明问题,其中主要问题是是否存在同意。我们提供了一些有关情绪对性同意解释的影响的具体说明。最后,根据已知的对记忆检索和判断的启动效应,最后,我们讨论了一些“创伤知情”访谈策略促进虚假记忆的潜力(例如FETI:法医体验性创伤访谈)。
    The present article addresses claims commonly made by prosecution witnesses in sexual assault trials: that attention narrows under stress, and that these attended aspects of the event are encoded in a way that ensures accuracy and resistance to fading and distortion. We provide evidence to contradict such claims. Given that what is encoded is largely the gist of one\'s interpretation of experience, we discuss the way in which attention and emotion can bias the interpretation of experience. We illustrate with issues of memory reports in cases of acquaintance rape, where the primary issue is the presence or absence of consent. We provide some specific illustrations concerning effects of emotion on interpretation of sexual consent. Finally, based on what is known regarding priming effects on memory retrieval and judgment, we conclude with discussion of the potential of some \"trauma-informed\" interviewing strategies to promote false memories (such as FETI: Forensic Experiential Trauma Interview).
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