Clinical trials in depression lack objective measures. Speech latencies are an objective measure of psychomotor slowing with face validity and empirical support. \'Turn latency\' is the response time between speakers. Retrospective analysis was carried-out on the utility of turn latencies as an enrichment tool in a clinical trial of bipolar I depression. Speech data was obtained from 274 participants during 1,352 Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) recordings in a randomized, placebo controlled, 6-week clinical trial of SEP-4199 (200 mg or 400 mg). Post-randomization turn latencies were compared between patients with moderate to severe depression and patients whose depression had remitted. A cutoff was determined and applied to turn latencies pre-randomization to classify individuals into two groups: Speech Latencies Slow (SL-Slow) and Speech Latencies Normal (SL-Normal). At week 6, SL-Slow (N = 172) showed significant separation in MADRS scores between placebo and treatment arms. SL-Normal (N = 102) showed larger MADRS improvements and no significant separation between placebo and treatment arms. Excluding SL-Normal increased primary outcome effect size by 52 % and 100 % for the treatment arms. Turn latencies are an objective measure available from standard clinical assessments and may assess the severity of symptoms more accurately and screen out placebo responders.

We sought to derive an objective measure of psychomotor slowing from speech analytics during a psychiatric interview to avoid potential burden of dedicated neurophysiological testing. Speech latency, which reflects response time between speakers, shows promise from the literature. Speech data was obtained from 274 subjects with a diagnosis of bipolar I depression enrolled in a randomized, doubleblind, 6-week phase 2 clinical trial. Audio recordings of structured Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) interviews at 6 time points were examined (k = 1,352). We evaluated speech latencies, and other aspects of speech, for temporal stability, convergent validity, sensitivity/responsivity to clinical change, and generalization across seven socio-linguistically diverse countries. Speech latency was minimally associated with demographic features, and explained nearly a third of the variance in depression (categorically defined). Speech latency significantly decreased as depression symptoms improved over time, explaining nearly 20 % of variance in depression remission. Classification for differentiating people with versus without concurrent depression was high (AUCs > 0.85) both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Results replicated across countries. Other speech features offered modest incremental contribution. Neurophysiological speech parameters with face validity can be derived from psychiatric interviews without the added patient burden of additional testing.

The most effective way of delivering regional anaesthesia training and the best means of demonstrating competency have not been established. Clinical competency, based on the Dreyfus and Dreyfus lexicon, appears unachievable using current training approaches. Lessons should be taken from the worlds of music, chess, and sports. Modern skills training programmes should be built on an explicit and detailed understanding with measurement of a variety of factors such as perception, attention, psychomotor and visuospatial function, and kinesthetics, coupled with quantitative, accurate, and reliable measurement of performance.

Gait and cognition are closely associated in Parkinson\'s disease (PD), with specific cognitive domains being associated with different motor symptoms. By identifying gait parameters affected by cognition, clinicians can develop targeted interventions that address cognitive impairment, improve gait, and reduce the risk of injury in PD patients.
What gait parameters are affected by cognition in PD patients during dual-task walking, and how are these parameters related to cognitive function as measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)?
36 patients with available gait data and cognitive assessments were enrolled. Gait data of usual and dual-task walking sessions were recorded using lightweight wireless wearable sensors attached to trunk, lower, and upper extremities. Dual-task costs were calculated from usual and dual-task measures. Statistical analysis included non-parametric tests, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Spearman\'s correlation, and stepwise linear regression models.
Walking speed, cadence, asymmetry in arm swing (ASA), between arms\' amplitude symmetry (BAS), average stride time, and jerk of the acceleration movement of the legs were found to be affected during the dual-task walking session (P<0.05). Spearman\'s correlation showed significant correlations between MoCA scores and ASA (ρ=-0.469, P=0.036) and BAS (ρ=-0.448, P=0.036) costs. Stepwise linear regression models found that MoCA scores were significant predictors of BAS and ASA costs (P<0.05).
This study found a significant association between global cognitive ability and several gait parameters costs under cognitive load caused by dual-task walking in PD patients. The study identified the gait parameters that were affected by cognitive load and found that MoCA scores were significant predictors of those gait parameters. Identifying gait parameters affected by cognition can lead to more targeted interventions for improving gait and reducing injury risk in PD patients.

BACKGROUND: Psychomotor disturbances are observed across psychiatric disorders and often manifest as psychomotor slowing, agitation, disorganized behavior, or catatonia. Psychomotor function includes both cognitive and motor components, but the neural circuits driving these subprocesses and how they relate to symptoms have remained elusive for centuries.
METHODS: We analyzed data from the HCP-EP (Human Connectome Project for Early Psychosis), a multisite study of 125 participants with early psychosis and 58 healthy participants with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and clinical characterization. Psychomotor function was assessed using the 9-hole pegboard task, a timed motor task that engages mechanical and psychomotor components of action, and tasks assessing processing speed and task switching. We used multivariate pattern analysis of whole-connectome data to identify brain correlates of psychomotor function.
RESULTS: We identified discrete brain circuits driving the cognitive and motor components of psychomotor function. In our combined sample of participants with psychosis (n = 89) and healthy control participants (n = 52), the strongest correlates of psychomotor function (pegboard performance) (p < .005) were between a midline cerebellar region and left frontal region and presupplementary motor area. Psychomotor function was correlated with both cerebellar-frontal connectivity (r = 0.33) and cerebellar-presupplementary motor area connectivity (r = 0.27). However, the cognitive component of psychomotor performance (task switching) was correlated only with cerebellar-frontal connectivity (r = 0.19), whereas the motor component (processing speed) was correlated only with cerebellar-presupplementary motor area connectivity (r = 0.15), suggesting distinct circuits driving unique subprocesses of psychomotor function.
CONCLUSIONS: We identified cerebellar-cortical circuits that drive distinct subprocesses of psychomotor function. Future studies should probe relationships between cerebellar connectivity and psychomotor performance using neuromodulation.

This study investigated the effect of Verbal Instruction (VI) strategies on trunk muscle contraction among healthy subjects. The effect of three VI Abdominal Drawing-In Maneuver (ADIM) and two VI Abdominal Bracing Maneuver (ABM) strategies on left Internal (LIO) and External Oblique (LEO) and bilateral superficial Multifidi (sMf) activation was examined.
Within-subjects, repeated measure design.
Surface EMG (sEMG) measured LIO, LEO, and sMf activity in 28 subjects (mean age 23.5 ± 5.5 years). Testing included five supine hook-lying and five quiet standing conditions.
One-way ANOVAs demonstrated no significant main effect for ADIM or ABM in supine or standing (p > .05). Muscle activation amplitudes during VPAC conditions demonstrated higher mean values for standing versus supine (p < .05) except for two conditions involving LEO. Friedman Tests for dominant strategy demonstrated a significant main effect for ADIM-VI and ABM-VI strategies. Post-hoc testing generally showed the dominant strategy to be significantly higher versus others.
No single preferred VI cue for ADIM or ABM was observed. Each subject\'s dominant strategy dictated the most suitable VI. Standing was preferred for LIO and sMf activation, whereas position did not change LEO activation. Non-significant correlations between all muscle pairings during all ADIM and ABM strategies were observed. These findings may suggest the need for healthcare providers who understand the intricacies of trunk stability to teach and monitor VPAC with either ADIM or ABM options.

UNASSIGNED: The \"Bedia\" tribal people are found all over India; they are poor, illiterate, and confined culturally. In many parts of India, malaria, a disease caused by mosquitoes, is becoming more common. Raising awareness and educating people about it is the best method to stop disease and maintain good health.
UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to determine the perception, attitudes, and practices of a particularly vulnerable tribal group-the \"Bedia\"-in the rural region of eastern India.
UNASSIGNED: A questionnaire with 19 structured questions has been created. The Bedia participants received the questionnaire from us. They had already responded. The intervention took the form of several health education workshops that were created in response to the deficiencies identified in the pre-test assessment\'s replies. The identical questionnaire used for the pre-test evaluation was given to each participant for the post-test who attended the training sessions.
UNASSIGNED: The current study found that while the first cognitive domain question on malaria transmission was not statistically significant, changes in malaria breeding grounds, regions with higher mosquito numbers, and the source of information about malaria are. Their knowledge of the treatment for malaria and the agent used to treat it is statistically significant in the current study, but the fifth question on the most common symptom of malaria was not statistically significant. The answers to the questions about \"What you will do if you see someone suffering from malaria,\" \"How much time was spent in the malaria control program,\" \"Malaria detection,\" and \"Regular usage of bed-nets\" in the affective and psychomotor domains all had statistical significance.
UNASSIGNED: Our research on interventions to raise awareness of malaria in this tribal region of northern West Bengal, eastern India, bordering Bangladesh, was published for the first time to our knowledge. In the majority of the items from the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective learning domains, we have seen significant changes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy and skill performance in undergraduate student nurses.
BACKGROUND: Across higher education, self-efficacy is an important predictor of student success in skill-based learning. Nursing students are required to demonstrate skills prior to caring for hospitalized patients. Understanding the relationship between self-efficacy and nursing student skill performance may support patient safety.
METHODS: Following the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), a systematic search was conducted of four databases: CINAHL, Medline, Psychinfo, and Web of Science. Quantitative, peer-reviewed studies published in English were included with no limitation on year. Hands-on skill performance had to be performed in laboratory or simulation settings and evaluated by an expert. Identified studies were assessed for methodological rigor using Joanna Briggs Institute\'s Critical Appraisal Tools.
RESULTS: A total of 2,450 items were identified by database search and screened, resulting in 20 eligible studies. Most of the studies included novice first- or second-year students. Self-efficacy was operationalized as either a general or skill-specific measure, while the type of skill and associated instrumentation varied widely. Sixteen (80%) of the included study reports showed weak to no correlation between self-efficacy and skill performance. The remaining 4 reports noted a moderate-to-strong relationship.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings conflict with existing research in other higher education disciplines where self-efficacy is a significant predictor of performance success. Explanations for this contradiction likely center around how self-efficacy was operationalized and rigor of the included studies.
CONCLUSIONS: Larger studies controlling for confounding variables are needed to understand this relationship with a goal of developing more consistent approaches to teaching and learning skills within prelicensure curriculums.

Patients with catatonia often show serious motor, affective and behavioral symptoms, behind which the subjective experience often remains hidden. Therefore, this study disseminates our own systematic empirical investigation of the subjective experience of catatonia patients to a German-speaking audience of clinicians and researchers. Based on current evidence and the clinical experience of the authors, the self-report questionnaire Northoff Scale for Subjective Experience in Catatonia (NSSC) was modified, extended and validated and now consists of 26 items capturing the subjective experience of catatonia in its clinical diversity. A total of 46 patients with catatonia according to the International Classification of Diseases (11th revision, ICD-11) were asked about their subjective experience during the acute phase of the disease using the NSSC. The NSSC showed high internal consistency (Cronbach\'s alpha = 0.91). The NSSC total score was significantly associated with the Northoff Catatonia Rating Scale (NCRS; r = 0.46; p < 0.05), the total score of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; r = 0.30; p < 0.05), the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS; r = 0.33; p < 0.05), and Trait Anxiety (STAI; r = 0.64; p < 0.01), supporting its validity. Preliminary validation of the NSSC revealed good psychometric properties. The NSSC is a useful instrument for routine clinical use to assess the subjective experience of patients with catatonia in order to provide tailored psychotherapeutic interventions.
UNASSIGNED: PatientInnen mit Katatonie zeigen oft starke motorische, affektive und verhaltensassoziierte Symptome, hinter welchen das subjektive Erleben häufig verborgen bleibt. In dieser Arbeit soll die eigene systematisch-empirische Untersuchung zum subjektiven Erleben katatoner PatientInnen einem deutschsprachigen Publikum vorgestellt werden. Auf Basis aktueller Evidenz und der klinischen Erfahrung der AutorInnen wurde die „Northoff Skala für subjektives Erleben bei Katatonie“ (NSSC) modifiziert, erweitert und validiert. Es handelt sich um einen einfach anwendbaren Selbstauskunftsfragebogen, bestehend aus 26 Items, die das subjektive Erleben der Katatonie in seiner gesamten klinischen Vielfalt erfassen. Insgesamt wurden 46 PatientInnen mit Katatonie gemäß Internationaler Klassifikation der Krankheiten (11. Revision, ICD-11) nach ihren subjektiven Erlebnissen während der akuten Krankheitsphase gefragt. Die NSSC zeigte eine hohe interne Konsistenz (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0,91). Der NSSC-Gesamtscore war signifikant mit der Northoff Catatonia Rating Scale (NCRS; r = 0,43; p < 0,01), dem Gesamtscore der Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; r = 0,30; p < 0,05), der Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS; r = 0,33; p < 0,05) sowie mit Trait-Ängstlichkeit (STAI; r = 0,64; p < 0,01) assoziiert, was ihre Validität unterstützt. Eine vorläufige Validierung der NSSC ergab gute psychometrische Eigenschaften. Die NSSC ist ein nützliches Instrument für den klinischen Alltag zur Beurteilung des subjektiven Erlebens von PatientInnen mit Katatonie, um passende psychotherapeutische Interventionen bereitstellen zu können.

UNASSIGNED:

Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic widely used in clinical practice to treat musculoskeletal infections. Fluoroquinolone-induced neurotoxic adverse events have been reported in a few case reports, all the preclinical studies on its neuropsychiatric side effects involved only healthy animals. This study firstly investigated the behavioral effects of CIP in an osteoarthritis rat model with joint destruction and pain, which can simulate inflammation-associated musculoskeletal pain. Furthermore, effects of CIP on regional brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression were examined given its major contributions to the neuromodulation and plasticity underlying behavior and cognition. 

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UNASSIGNED:

Fourteen days after induction of chronic osteoarthritis, animals were administered vehicle, 33 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg CIP for five days intraperitoneally. Motor activity, behavioral motivation, and psychomotor learning were examined in a reward-based behavioral test (Ambitus) on Day 4 and sensorimotor gating by the prepulse inhibition test on Day 5. Thereafter, the prolonged BDNF mRNA and protein expression levels were measured in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. 

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UNASSIGNED:

CIP dose-dependently reduced both locomotion and reward-motivated exploratory activity, accompanied with impaired learning ability. In contrast, there were no significant differences in startle reflex and sensory gating among treatment groups; however, CIP treatment reduced motor activity of the animals in this test, too. These alterations were associated with reduced BDNF mRNA and protein expression levels in the hippocampus but not the prefrontal cortex. 

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UNASSIGNED:

This study revealed the detrimental effects of CIP treatment on locomotor activity and motivation/learning ability during osteoarthritic condition, which might be due to, at least partially, deficient hippocampal BDNF expression and ensuing impairments in neural and synaptic plasticity.

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UNASSIGNED:

A ciprofloxacin (CIP) egy széles spektrumú antibiotikum, amit gyak­ran használnak mozgásszervrendszeri fertő­zé­sek kezelésére is. Klinikai esettanul­má­nyok beszámolnak a fluorokinolonok neurotoxikus mellékhatásairól, ugyanakkor a neuropszichiátriai mellékhatásokat vizsgáló preklinikai tanulmányok mind egészséges állatokat használnak. Ez az első olyan kísérletsorozat, amely a CIP viselkedésre gyakorolt hatásait osteoarthritises patkányokon vizsgálja, ahol az ízületi károsodás okozta fájdalom modellezheti a gyulladásos eredetű mozgásszervi fájdalmat. A kísérletsorozat vizsgálja továbbá az agyi eredetű növekedési faktor- (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, BDNF) expresszió elhúzódó, régióspecifikus változását az agyban CIP-kezelés hatására, ami neuromodulátorként hozzájárulhat a viselkedésbeli és kognitív változások kialakulásához. 

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UNASSIGNED:

Tizennégy nappal a krónikus osteoarthritist kiváltó monojód-acetát- (MIA) injekció után az állatok 5 napig intra­perito­nea­lisan kapták a CIP két dózisát (33 mg/kg vagy 100 mg/kg), illetve az oldószert. A ke­ze­lés negyedik napján egy jutalmazáson alapuló viselkedési tesztben (Ambitus) az állatok motoros aktivitását, motivációját és pszichomotoros tanulási képességét vizsgáltuk, az ötödik napon pedig a szenzoros kapuzás mérésére prepulzus-gátlás- (PPI) tesztet végeztünk. Ezt követően a BDNF mRNS- és fehérje-expresszióját mértük a hippocampus és a prefrontális kéreg területén. 

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UNASSIGNED:

A CIP-kezelés dózisfüggően rontotta az állatok tanulási képességét, ami kapcsolatban állhat a csökkent lokomotoros és explorátoros aktivitással is. Ugyanakkor nem találtunk szignifkáns különbséget a csoportok közt a megriadási (startle) reflexben és a szenzoros kapuzásban, annak ellenére, hogy az anitbiotikummal kezelt állatok ebben a tesztben is kisebb aktivitást mutattak. A viselkedésbeli változások mellett csökkent BDNF mRNS- és fehérjeexpressziót mértünk a hippocampusban, ami viszont nem jelentkezett a prefrontális kéreg területén. 

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UNASSIGNED:

Az eredmények igazolták a CIP-kezelés káros hatásait a lokomotoros aktivitásra és a motivációs/tanulási képességre osteoarthritis fennállása mellett. Ez feltehetően kapcsolatban áll a hippocampus elhúzódó, csökkent BDNF-expressziójával, igazolva a neuronalis és szinaptikus plaszticitás károsodásának szerepét a neurotoxikus mellékhatások hátterében.

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