蜜蜂,一个重要的作物传粉者,在觅食和访花期间通过各种暴露途径遇到农药。考虑到农药中毒的潜在威胁,土著沙特蜜蜂Apismelliferajementica易受与啶虫脒相关的风险,一种新烟碱杀虫剂.这项研究调查了啶虫脒对存活的影响,嗅觉学习,通过两种暴露途径:局部应用和口服摄入,形成A.m.也门的记忆。治疗后4、12、24和48小时,使用现场实际和连续稀释浓度(100、50、25和10ppm)的啶虫脒导致明显的死亡率。两种暴露途径在24小时和48小时观察到最高死亡率。蜜蜂死亡率是浓度依赖性的,在测试的时间间隔内,随着啶虫脒浓度的升高而增加。口服暴露后的食物消耗表现出浓度依赖性模式,随着啶虫脒浓度的增加而稳步下降。与局部暴露(15%)相比,口服暴露导致显著更高的累积死亡率(55%)。表明两种暴露途径之间的蜜蜂死亡率存在显著差异。对于局部应用和口服摄入,啶虫脒治疗后24小时的LC50值为160.33和12.76ppm,分别。啶虫脒的亚致死浓度(LC10、LC20和LC30)分别为15.23、34.18和61.20ppm,分别,局部暴露后,和2.85、4.77和6.91ppm,分别,口腔暴露后。啶虫脒的亚致死浓度在第2-3个条件试验期间显着降低了学习,并在局部和口服暴露途径后的2、12和24小时损害了记忆形成。与对照蜜蜂相比。值得注意的是,亚致死浓度在损害蜜蜂学习和记忆方面同样有效。一起来看,啶虫脒暴露对蜜蜂的生存产生不利影响,阻碍学习,并损害了学习任务的记忆保留。
The honey bee, a significant crop pollinator, encounters pesticides through various routes of exposure during foraging and flower visitation. Considering the potential threat of pesticide poisoning, the indigenous Saudi bee Apis mellifera jemenitica is susceptible to the risks associated with acetamiprid, a
neonicotinoid insecticide. This study investigates the acetamiprid-induced effects on the survival, olfactory learning, and memory formation of A. m. jemenitica through two exposure routes: topical application and oral ingestion. Field-realistic and serially diluted concentrations (100, 50, 25, and 10 ppm) of acetamiprid led to notable mortality at 4, 12, 24, and 48 h after treatment, with peak mortality observed at 24 h and 48 h for both exposure routes. Bee mortality was concentration-dependent, increasing with the rising concentration of acetamiprid at the tested time intervals. Food consumption following oral exposure exhibited a concentration-dependent pattern, steadily decreasing with increasing concentrations of acetamiprid. Oral exposure resulted in a substantially higher cumulative mortality (55%) compared to topical exposure (15%), indicating a significant disparity in bee mortality between the two exposure routes. The 24 h post-treatment LC50 values for acetamiprid were 160.33 and 12.76 ppm for topical application and oral ingestion, respectively. The sublethal concentrations (LC10, LC20, and LC30) of acetamiprid were 15.23, 34.18, and 61.20 ppm, respectively, following topical exposure, and 2.85, 4.77, and 6.91 ppm, respectively, following oral exposure. The sublethal concentrations of acetamiprid significantly decreased learning during the 2nd-3rd conditioning trials and impaired memory formation at 2, 12, and 24 h following both topical and oral exposure routes, compared to the control bees. Notably, the sublethal concentrations were equally effective in impairing bee learning and memory. Taken together, acetamiprid exposure adversely affected bee survival, hindered learning, and impaired the memory retention of learned tasks.