动物的驯化标志着人类历史上的一个关键时刻,深刻影响我们的人口和文化进步。这个过程导致了重大的遗传,行为,与野生祖先相比,牲畜物种的物理变化。了解牲畜物种的进化史和遗传多样性至关重要,线粒体DNA(mtDNA)已成为研究动物分子多样性的强大标记。它在动物物种中高度保守的基因含量,最少的重复,没有内含子,短的基因间区域使mtDNA分析成为此类研究的理想选择。线粒体DNA分析发现了可追溯到公元前8000年的亚洲西南部不同的牛驯化事件。2004年对水牛mtDNA的测序为其驯化历史提供了重要见解。CaprinemtDNA分析确定了三个单倍群,表明不同的母亲起源。绵羊,在12000年前驯化,展示不同的mtDNA谱系,暗示了多个驯化事件。绵羊mtDNA研究揭示了进化枝A,B,C,和第四血统,D组家猪的起源被追溯到不同的欧洲和亚洲事件,然后进行杂交。在骆驼中,mtDNA阐明了野生和驯化物种之间的系统地理结构和遗传分化。马,大约在公元前3500年驯化,显示显著的mtDNA变异性,强调其不同的起源。牦牛对高海拔环境表现出独特的适应性,mtDNA分析提供了对它们适应的见解。鸡的mtDNA研究支持东南亚红色丛林家禽的单系起源,有多重起源的证据。这篇综述通过mtDNA研究探讨了牲畜的进化和多样性,专注于牛,水牛,山羊,绵羊,猪,骆驼,马,牦牛和鸡肉.它强调了mtDNA在解开母系谱系中的意义,遗传多样性,和驯化历史,最后深入了解其在改善畜牧业生产和繁殖动态方面的潜在应用。
The domestication of animals marks a pivotal moment in human history, profoundly influencing our demographic and cultural progress. This process has led to significant genetic, behavioral, and physical changes in
livestock species compared to their wild ancestors. Understanding the evolutionary history and genetic diversity of
livestock species is crucial, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has emerged as a robust marker for investigating molecular diversity in animals. Its highly conserved gene content across animal species, minimal duplications, absence of introns, and short intergenic regions make mtDNA analysis ideal for such studies. Mitochondrial DNA analysis has uncovered distinct cattle domestication events dating back to 8000 years BC in Southwestern Asia. The sequencing of water buffalo mtDNA in 2004 provided important insights into their domestication history. Caprine mtDNA analysis identified three haplogroups, indicating varied maternal origins. Sheep, domesticated 12,000 years ago, exhibit diverse mtDNA lineages, suggesting multiple domestication events. Ovine mtDNA studies revealed clades A, B, C, and a fourth lineage, group D. The origins of domestic pigs were traced to separate European and Asian events followed by interbreeding. In camels, mtDNA elucidated the phylogeographic structure and genetic differentiation between wild and domesticated species. Horses, domesticated around 3500 BC, show significant mtDNA variability, highlighting their diverse origins. Yaks exhibit unique adaptations for high-altitude environments, with mtDNA analysis providing insights into their adaptation. Chicken mtDNA studies supported a monophyletic origin from Southeast Asia\'s red jungle fowl, with evidence of multiple origins. This review explores
livestock evolution and diversity through mtDNA studies, focusing on cattle, water buffalo, goat, sheep, pig, camel, horse, yak and chicken. It highlights mtDNA\'s significance in unraveling maternal lineages, genetic diversity, and domestication histories, concluding with insights into its potential application in improving
livestock production and reproduction dynamics.