需要更明确地整合社会对畜牧业的期望,这使得本文的作者认为必须重新设计畜牧业系统,将健康和福利置于其目标的核心。本文提出了对不同规模的知识进步的看法,以促进这种转变。在定义了动物的健康和福利之后,这篇文章强调需要从更广泛的角度考虑健康,为了加深关于福利的积极情绪体验的问题,并提出了如何评估农场的这两个要素的问题。提出了健康与福利之间的积极互动。还讨论了它们之间可能存在的一些紧张关系,特别是当通过提供更刺激和更丰富的环境来改善福利时,例如进入户外,会增加传染病的风险。共同改善动物的健康和福利提出了许多不同规模的问题,从动物层面到生产链。在动物层面,作者强调需要探索:更好的福利和生理平衡之间的长期联系,微生物群的作用,将积极的精神状态和健康联系起来的心理-神经-内分泌机制,以及生产的生理功能之间的权衡,繁殖和免疫。在农场一级,除了在团体层面研究福利之间的关系,健康和生产,本文支持与畜牧业农民共同构建创新系统的想法,以及分析成本,改进系统对其工作条件和福祉的可接受性和影响。在生产链或地区层面,提出了各种问题。这些措施包括研究改善动物健康和福利的最佳策略,同时保持经济可行性。产品的标签和消费者的支付意愿,动物性状的异质性对动物产品加工的影响,以及畜牧业的空间分布以及生产和价值链的组织。在公民和消费者层面,挑战之一是一方面更好地相互关联的卫生和健康观点,另一方面,福利问题。还需要提高公民对畜牧业的知识,发展畜牧业农民之间更激烈和建设性的交流,畜牧业和公民。这些棘手的问题恳求跨学科和跨学科研究涉及各种科学学科和不同的利益相关者,包括通过参与式研究的公共政策制定者。
The need to integrate more clearly societal expectations on
livestock farming has led the authors of this article to consider that
livestock farming systems must be redesigned to position health and welfare at the heart of their objectives. This article proposes a vision of the advances in knowledge required at different scales to contribute to this transformation. After defining health and welfare of animals, the article emphasises the need to consider health in a broader perspective, to deepen the question of positive emotional experiences regarding welfare, and raises the question of how to assess these two elements on farms. The positive interactions between health and welfare are presented. Some possible tensions between them are also discussed, in particular when improving welfare by providing a more stimulating and richer environment such as access to outdoor increases the risk of infectious diseases. Jointly improving health and welfare of animals poses a number of questions at various scales, from the animal level to the production chain. At the animal level, the authors highlight the need to explore: the long-term links between better welfare and physiological balance, the role of microbiota, the psycho-neuro-endocrine mechanisms linking positive mental state and health, and the trade-off between the physiological functions of production, reproduction and immunity. At the farm level, in addition to studying the relationships at the group level between welfare, health and production, the paper supports the idea of co-constructing innovative systems with livestock farmers, as well as analysing the cost, acceptability and impact of improved systems on their working conditions and well-being. At the production chain or territory levels, various questions are raised. These include studying the best strategies to improve animal health and welfare while preserving economic viability, the labelling of products and the consumers\' willingness to pay, the consequences of heterogeneity in animal traits on the processing of animal products, and the spatial distribution of
livestock farming and the organisation of the production and value chain. At the level of the citizen and consumer, one of the challenges is to better inter-relate sanitary and health perspectives on the one hand, and welfare concerns on the other hand. There is also a need to improve citizens\' knowledge on
livestock farming, and to develop more intense and constructive exchanges between
livestock farmers, the
livestock industry and citizens. These difficult issues plead for interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research involving various scientific disciplines and the different stakeholders, including public policy makers through participatory research.