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OBJECTIVE: The incidence of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors has been reported high at autopsy. This study aimed to detect many tumors in both anterior and posterior lobes to prove tumor histogenesis.
METHODS: In total, 150 pituitary glands were studied from the University of Kansas Medical Center from 1995 to 2000. The pituitary gland was sagittally sliced from anterior to posterior into 6 to 8 sections. When H&E-stained sections revealed tumors, the tumors were immunohistochemically stained for 6 pituitary hormones.
RESULTS: Among 150 autopsy cases, 38 (25.3%) harbored microadenomas, including 4 cases with double tumors. Twenty-three (54.7%) cases were negative to all pituitary hormones. Of the remaining 19 tumors, 13 (30.9%) were lactotrophs, with 4 cases being concomitantly somatotrophs and gonadotrophs, and 2 cases were corticotropes. More than 85% of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors were adjacent to the capsule. Thirteen (8.7%) granular cell pituicytomas were found in the posterior lobe. There were pituicytes transforming into granular cell tumors.
CONCLUSIONS: The incidence was 25.3% for pituitary neuroendocrine tumors and 8.7% for granular cell pituicytomas. Since most pituitary neuroendocrine tumors were adjacent to the pituitary capsule, the capsule appeared to be the germinal center. Both pituitary tumors belonged to the 2 different transcription factor lineages.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) activate anti-cancer immunity by blocking T cell checkpoint molecules such as programmed death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). Although ICIs induce some durable responses in various cancer patients, they also have disadvantages, including low response rates, the potential for severe side effects, and high treatment costs. Therefore, selection of patients who can benefit from ICI treatment is critical, and identification of biomarkers is essential to improve the efficiency of ICIs. In this review, we provide updated information on established predictive biomarkers (tumor programmed death-ligand 1 [PD-L1] expression, DNA mismatch repair deficiency, microsatellite instability high, and tumor mutational burden) and potential biomarkers currently under investigation such as tumor-infiltrated and peripheral lymphocytes, gut microbiome, and signaling pathways related to DNA damage and antigen presentation. In particular, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge of biomarkers, discuss issues, and further explore future biomarkers.

UNASSIGNED: Penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an extremely rare malignancy. It is usually caused by chronic human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and HPV 18 infections. This study was conducted to investigate the immunohistochemical overexpression of p16, a surrogate marker for HPV, and to evaluate its usefulness as a potential diagnostic biomarker.
UNASSIGNED: In this cross-sectional prospective and retrospective cohort study, 56 penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) specimens and five penile premalignant specimens were evaluated in Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India, from January 2013- December 2018 in terms of clinical and histopathological features. Immunohistochemical expression for p16 in cases and controls was evaluated. Statistical comparison of p16 expression among clinical features, histological subtype, grade, and stages of tumor were done.
UNASSIGNED: Analysis of the pattern of p16 staining showed diffuse and strong nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in 32.8% of the cases. There was a highly significant association (P<0.001) of pattern of p16 expression among the HPV and non-HPV subtypes of penile carcinoma. p16 expression was not significantly associated with other prognostic parameters like site of the lesion, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, histologic grade, and pathologic stage.
UNASSIGNED: Expression of p16 would be a useful tool in differentiation between the HPV-associated and non-HPV-associated subtypes of penile SCC that may be helpful in prediction of aggressiveness and invasive potential of the respective histologic subtypes.

Tetrodotoxin (TTX), a pufferfish toxin, is a highly potent neurotoxin that has been found in a wide variety of animals. The TTX-bearing flatworm Planocera multitentaculata possesses a large amount of TTX and is considered responsible for the toxification of TTX-bearing animals such as pufferfish (Takifugu and Chelonodon) and the toxic goby Yongeichthys criniger. However, the mechanism underlying TTX accumulation in flatworms remains unclear. Previous studies have been limited to identifying the distribution of TTX in multiple organs, such as the digestive organs, genital parts, and the remaining tissues of flatworms. Here, we performed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis and immunohistochemical staining using a monoclonal anti-TTX antibody to elucidate the detailed localization of TTX in the tissues and organs of the flatworm P. multitentaculata. Immunohistochemical staining for P. multitentaculata showed that TTX-specific signals were detected not only in the ovaries and pharynx but also in many other tissues and organs, whereas no signal was detected in the brain, Lang\'s vesicle, and genitalia. In addition, combined with LC-MS/MS analysis, it was revealed for the first time that TTX accumulates in high concentrations in the basement membrane and epidermis. These findings robustly support the hypotheses of \"TTX utilization protection from predators.\"

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the effect of cevimeline and different concentrations of gum arabic on the parotid gland of rats being given xerostomia-inducing methotrexate.
METHODS: One hundred twenty-five rats were divided into five equal groups of twenty-five each. The rats in Group I received basic diets, while those in Groups II, III, IV, and V received 20 mg/kg MTX as a single intraperitoneal dose on day one. Group III received 10 mg/kg CVM dissolved in saline orally and daily, and the other two groups received a 10% W/V aqueous suspension of GA. Therefore, Group IV received 2 ml/kg suspension orally and daily, while Group V received 3 ml/kg suspension orally and daily. After 9 days, the parotid glands were dissected carefully and prepared for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining as a routine histological stain and caspase-3 and Ki67 immunohistochemical staining. Quantitative data from α-Caspase-3 staining and Ki67 staining were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey\'s multiple comparisons post hoc test.
RESULTS: Regarding caspase-3 and Ki67 immunohistochemical staining, one-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference among the five groups. For Caspase-3, the highest mean value was for group II (54.21 ± 6.90), and the lowest mean value was for group I (15.75 ± 3.67). The other three groups had mean values of 31.09 ± 5.90, 30.76 ± 5.82, and 20.65 ± 3.47 for groups III, IV, and V, respectively. For Ki67, the highest mean value was for group I (61.70 ± 6.58), and the lowest value was for group II (18.14a ± 5.16). The other three groups had mean values of 34.4 ± 9.27, 48.03 ± 8.40, and 50.63 ± 8.27 for groups III, IV, and V, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: GA, rather than the normally used drug CVM, had a desirable effect on the salivary glands of patients with xerostomia.

A 71-year-old male visited a hospital with a chief complaint of exertional dyspnea. A chest CT revealed multiple nodular lesions on the parietal pleura. Thoracoscopic pleural biopsy was performed resulting in a diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma with epithelioid type. When chemotherapy was initially initiated, his serum level of Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) was high. However, once chemotherapy was started, the serum KL-6 level gradually decreased with tumor shrinkage. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the expression of KL-6 from the tumor cells. This is the first report of KL-6 production directly from tumor cells in epithelial-type pleural mesothelioma.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the importance of fatty acid oxidation (FAO)-related genes in predicting the progression and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).
METHODS: The FAO-related gene prognostic model was established employing Cox regression analyses, during which accuracy and sensitivity of the gene model were evaluated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) internal testing and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) external validation cohorts. Ultimately, hub genes were identified among 13 model genes using STRING and Cytoscape, with preliminary validation carried out through immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: The model, which comprised 13 genes (ABCD2, ACAA1, ACACB, AKT1, CNR1, CPT1C, CROT, ECHDC2, ETFA, HADHB, IRS2, LONP2, and SLC25A17), was established. On the basis of the median risk score, the two cohorts were grouped into low-and high-risk groups in the subsequent test and validation, and the former exhibited significantly higher survival rates than the latter. Nomograms were established based on prognostic factors, including stage and risk score, and individualized for the prediction of HNSCC patients. Ultimately, immunohistochemical staining showed that ACAA1 and HADHB were significantly under-expressed in HNSCC, with a favorable prognosis associated with low HADHB and high ACAA1.
CONCLUSIONS: The gene prognostic model has illustrated promising capability in predicting the prognosis, and ACAA1 and HADHB might serve as potential therapeutic biomarkers for HNSCC patients.

BACKGROUND: Myopericytoma is a rare spindle cell tumor of mesenchymal origin, typically benign, characterized by concentric proliferation of tumor cells around blood vessels within subcutaneous tissue. It primarily occurs in middle-aged adults and is often located in distal extremities, although cases have been reported in proximal extremities and head-neck regions. However, occurrences within the oral cavity are exceedingly rare. To date, literature reviews have identified only two cases in children under 10 years old and reported only five cases of myopericytoma occurring in the lip region. We provide a comprehensive review and analysis of all documented cases to better understand this condition.
METHODS: A 7-year-old girl presented to oral and maxillofacial surgery with the discovery of a painless mass on the inner aspect of the upper lip. The diagnosis of myopericytoma was confirmed by histological examination (HE staining), alcian blue staining, and immunohistochemistry.
CONCLUSIONS: Following surgical excision, there were no signs of recurrence at a 3-month follow-up. The pathological diagnosis of myopericytoma is quite challenging, and immunohistochemical testing is necessary.

UNASSIGNED: To assess the diagnostic value of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for detecting the tuberculosis-secreted antigens ESAT-6 and CFP10 in lymph node tuberculosis.
UNASSIGNED: Archived, paraffin-embedded lymph node specimens from 72 patients diagnosed with lymph node tuberculosis and 68 patients with lymphoma were retrospectively collected from the Department of Pathology at the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China between January 2016 and March 2023. These specimens were subjected to acid-fast and immunohistochemical staining to compare the effectiveness of these methods, with their sensitivity and specificity evaluated against a comprehensive reference standard.
UNASSIGNED: Acid-fast staining demonstrated a sensitivity of 12.3% and a specificity of 100%. IHC staining for ESAT-6 showed a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 85.3%, whereas IHC staining for CFP10 exhibited a sensitivity of 75.0% and a specificity of 89.7%.
UNASSIGNED: The study indicates that IHC detection of ESAT-6 and CFP10 in paraffin-embedded lymph node tuberculosis tissues has a markedly higher sensitivity compared to acid-fast staining. Thus, IHC staining may serve as a supplementary diagnostic tool for the pathological evaluation of lymph node tuberculosis.