暂无摘要。

BACKGROUND: Outbreaks of acute hepatitis of unknown etiology (AHUE) in children were reported in Western countries in 2022. Previous studies found that adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) and its helper viruses, such as human adenovirus (HAdV) and human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), are frequently detected in patients with AHUE. However, the existence of hepatitis associated with AAV2 prior to AHUE outbreaks in 2022 had not yet been investigated. We aimed to investigate the association between AAV2 and pediatric acute hepatitis in Japanese children, as well as the incidence of AAV2-related hepatitis prior to 2022.
METHODS: Preserved blood samples obtained from 49 pediatric patients with acute hepatitis between 2017 and 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Blood samples from 50 children with acute illnesses and 50 children with chronic conditions were used as controls. Viral DNA loads were quantitated using real-time PCR.
RESULTS: AAV2 DNA was detected in 12 % (6/49) of acute hepatitis cases but in only one acute illness and none of the chronic-condition control cases. The concentration of AAV2 DNA in the six acute hepatitis cases was higher than that in the acute-illness control case. Co-infection with one or more helper viruses, including HAdV, HHV-6, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus, was observed in five AAV2-positive cases.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated the sporadic occurrence of pediatric severe hepatitis associated with AAV2 infection in Japan prior to the AHUE outbreaks in 2022. Our findings suggest that co-infection with AAV2 and helper viruses plays a role in developing severe hepatitis.

UNASSIGNED: Human Herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) impedes host immune responses by downregulating class I MHC molecules (MHC-I), hindering antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells. Downregulation of MHC-I disengages inhibitory receptors on natural killer (NK) cells, resulting in activation and killing of the target cell if NK cell activating receptors such as NKG2D have engaged stress ligands upregulated on the target cells. Previous work has shown that HHV-6B downregulates three MHC-like stress ligands MICB, ULBP1, and ULBP3, which are recognized by NKG2D. The U20 glycoprotein of the related virus HHV-6A has been implicated in the downregulation of ULBP1, but the precise mechanism remains undetermined.
UNASSIGNED: We set out to investigate the role of HHV-6B U20 in modulating NK cell activity. We used HHV-6B U20 expressed as a recombinant protein or transduced into target cells, as well as HHV-6B infection, to investigate binding interactions with NK cell ligands and receptors and to assess effects on NK cell activation. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to align molecular models derived from machine-learning approaches.
UNASSIGNED: We demonstrate that U20 binds directly to ULBP1 with sub-micromolar affinity. Transduction of U20 decreases NKG2D binding to ULBP1 at the cell surface but does not decrease ULBP1 protein levels, either at the cell surface or in toto. HHV-6B infection and soluble U20 have the same effect. Transduction of U20 blocks NK cell activation in response to cell-surface ULBP1. Structural modeling of the U20 - ULBP1 complex indicates some similarities to the m152-RAE1γ complex.

UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study is to provide guidance for refining medication protocols, developing alternative strategies, and enhancing protection against herpesvirus infections in personalized clinical settings.
UNASSIGNED: Adverse drug events (ADEs) data for anti-herpesvirus from the first quarter of 2004 to the fourth quarter of 2022 were collected from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Disproportionality analysis was performed using Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR), Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR), and Bayesian Confidence Propagation Neural Network (BCPNN) methods for data mining.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 18,591, 24,206, 6,150, and 419 reports of ADEs associated with acyclovir (ACV), valacyclovir (VACV), ganciclovir (GCV), and famciclovir (FCV) were screened and extracted from the FAERS. In this study, the report summarized the high frequency and strong correlation of ADEs for the four drugs at the Preferred Term (PT) level. Additionally, the analysis also identified the relationship between ADEs and factors such as age, gender, and severity of outcome at the System Organ Class (SOC) level.
UNASSIGNED: The safety reports for the four-nucleoside analogue anti-herpesvirus drugs are diverse and interconnected. Dosing for patients with herpesvirus infections should be tailored to their specific conditions and the potential risk of disease.

Aim: To investigate the impact of human herpes virus (HHV) carriage on lung microbiota, and its correlation with clinical features and laboratory indicators in patients.Methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted on 30 outpatient lung infection cases, which were divided into HHV (n = 15) and non-HHV (n = 15) groups. mNGS detected microbial composition. Microbial diversity and abundance were tested using Shannon and Chao1 indices. Their relationship with laboratory indicators were explored.Results: Significant differences in microbial abundance and distribution were found between two groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, HHV group showed negative correlations (p < 0.05) between Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Streptococcus and basophil/eosinophil percentages.Conclusion: HHV carriage impacts lung microbiota, emphasizing the need for clinicians to pay attention to HHV reactivation in outpatient lung infection patients.
This study looked at how a common virus called human herpesvirus (HHV) affects the bacteria in our lungs. We wanted to see if HHV is linked to how sick we feel and what tests show. We split 30 people who had lung infections into two groups – 15 with HHV and 15 without – and checked how sick they felt, did some tests, and looked at the types of bacteria in their lungs. Both groups felt similarly sick and got better with medicine, but people with HHV had fewer of a certain type of blood cell. People with and without HHV also had different types of bacteria in their lungs. This study helps us understand why people get sick with lung infections and how to make them better. It might also help doctors decide how to treat people with lung infections.

Adult respiratory distress syndrome due to viral pneumonia occurs predominantly in immunodeficient populations; adult respiratory distress syndrome secondary to human herpesvirus HHV-6 and HHV-7 pneumonia is extremely rare. Whipple\'s disease, caused by Tropheryma whipplei, a Gram-positive bacillus and obligate intracellular pathogen, is clinically challenging to diagnose. Whipple\'s disease is a chronic multisystem infectious disease caused by T. whipplei, most often affecting the gastrointestinal tract and joints, seldom the lungs. Both pathogens are opportunistic. We report a case of mixed infectious pneumonia in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The patient presented with dyspnea and intermittent fever. Imaging revealed multiple large patchy consolidations in the left lung. Routine anti-infective therapy was ineffective. Metagenomic next generation sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid indicated HHV-6 and HHV-7 pneumonia concurrent with T. whipplei and Streptococcus co-infections. Meropenem was administered to improve treatment. This case represents a rare mixed lung infection by multiple uncommon pathogens, and is of particular clinical significance.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify the presence of human herpesvirus (HHV) in the plasma and saliva of hepatic-cirrhosis patients and correlate it with clinical data and laboratory tests. This is a pilot, observational, and cross-sectional study.
RESULTS: Specimens of plasma and saliva from 72 cirrhotic individuals were analyzed by means of polymerase chain reaction. The patient population had a mean age of 54.84 years old (SD ± 10) and was 70% males (51/72). Approximately 47% (n = 34) of the patients had leukopenia and HHV was not identified in the plasma specimens. The main species of HHV identified in the saliva were HHV-7 (n = 42, 62%) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (n = 30, 41%). Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the total number of leukocytes and lymphocytes in saliva containing EBV (P = .038 and P = .047, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the presence of EBV in the saliva of cirrhotic patients was correlated with their circulating immune status. It may be possible that the immune dysfunction displayed by the cirrhotic patients plays a role in the shedding of EBV into saliva.

BACKGROUND: Humoral memory and specific antibody levels depend on the kind of antigen and individual immunofactors. The presence of IgM antibodies or a fourfold rise in specific IgG levels are generally accepted as diagnostic factors in the serology of acute viral infections. This basic model is not adequate for the herpes virome, especially after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), due to continuous, usually multifocal antigenic stimulation, various donor serostatuses, immunosuppression, and individual immunoreconstitution.
METHODS: A case-control study was conducted to identify active infection cases of human herpesvirus (HHV) (from 300 diagnosed immunocompromised patients) and to evaluate historically associated humoral factors to look at outcomes. We considered only the data of patients with meticulous differential diagnosis to exclude other causes, and thereby to observe pathways and temporal relationships, not the statistical ones usually collected in cohorts. Despite the small number, such data collection and analysis methods avoid a number of biases and indicate cause and effect.
RESULTS: In this observational study, a retrospective analysis of data from 300 patients with clinical diagnosis of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) reactivation showed a number of biases. Two well-differentiated cases (confirmed by a Tzanck test) with various diseases and conditioning evolutions of immune parameters showed an interesting pathway. Exponential decreases in specific IgGs after HSCT preceded virus replication were observed, with a cytopathic effect (shingles, VZV encephalitis and HSV-induced mucositis). The minima (lowest IgG levels) before herpesvirus reactivation were 234.23 mIU/mL and 94 RU/mL for VZV and HSV, respectively. This coincided with a low CD4 titer, but without other infectious processes. Other immune response parameters such as Treg, cytotoxic T cells, and complement and total IgG level were the same as they were before the transplant procedure. Interestingly, a second wave of immunoreconstitution with an anamnestic antibody response was not always observed. It coincided with prolonged herpes viral infection. A patient with lymphocyte depletion in conditioning showed an earlier second wave of immunoreconstitution (6th vs. 14th month).
CONCLUSIONS: As is typical for infancy, the kinetics of the IgG level is unique after HSCT (the decline phase is first). Host microbiome factors (e.g., HHV1-3-serostatus) should be taken into account to predict risk of non-relapse mortality and survival after HSCT. The levels of specific antibodies help in predicting prognoses and improve disease management. A lack of differentiation and the confusing bias of the assessor (i.e., observer selection bias) are the main obstacles in statistical HHV1-3 research. Such time-lapse case studies may be the first to build evidence of a pathway and an association between immune parameters and HHV disease.

BACKGROUND: Evidence on the association of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection with Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) is scarce and the results are inconsistent.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of CMV infection with the risk of AD.
METHODS: Observational studies on the relationship between CMV infection and AD were identified from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library until September 30, 2022. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Random-effect meta-analysis was performed using a generic inverse-variance method, followed by sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses based on study designs, regions, adjustments, and population types.
RESULTS: Our search yielded 870 articles, of which 200 were duplicates and 663 did not meet the inclusion criteria, and finally yielded seven studies with 6,772 participants. No strong evidence was observed in the summary analysis for the association of CMV infection and risk of AD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88, 2.03, I2 =69.9%). However, subgroup analysis showed that an increased risk of AD was detected in East Asians (OR = 2.39; 95% CI: 1.63, 3.50, I2 = 0.00%), cohort studies (OR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.35, 2.94, I2 = 28.20%), and studies with confounder adjustment (OR = 2.05; 95% CI: 1.52, 2.77, I2 = 0.00%).
CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis provides evidence to support the heterogeneity of the associations between CMV infection and AD. Future studies with larger sample sizes and multi-ethnic populations are necessary.

Pityriasis rosea (PR), a benign and self-limiting skin disorder, typically manifests as a single initial lesion known as the herald patch. The herald patch is commonly followed by the development of secondary erythematous papules and plaques, aligning with Langer\'s lines to form a specific distribution pattern, resembling a Christmas tree on the back and a V-shaped pattern on the upper chest. Therefore, diagnosing PR may not be difficult based on its typical clinical presentation. In contrast, cases of atypical PR presentation have been reported, encompassing several differential diagnoses. Here, we present a case with multiple herald patches that needed differentiation from ringworm, syphilis, and erythema annular centrifugum. Subsequently, our case was diagnosed with PR, as the patches formed a V-shaped pattern and a Christmas-tree distribution.